C++ Standard Library
Input/Output with files
C++ provides the following classes to perform output and input of characters to/from files:
• ofstream: Stream class to write on files
• ifstream: Stream class to read from files
• fstream: Stream class to both read and write from/to files.
These classes are derived directly or indirectly from the classes istream, and ostream. We have already used
objects whose types were these classes: cin is an object of class istream and cout is an object of class ostream.
Therfore, we have already been using classes that are related to our file streams. And in fact, we can use our file
streams the same way we are already used to use cin and cout, with the only difference that we have to associate
these streams with physical files. Let's see an example:
// basic file operations
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main () {
ofstream myfile;
myfile.open ("example.txt");
myfile << "Writing this to a file.\n";
myfile.close();
return 0;
}
[file example.txt]
Writing this to a file
This code creates a file called example.txt and inserts a sentence into it in the same way we are used to do with
cout, but using the file stream myfile instead.
But let's go step by step:
Open a file
The first operation generally performed on an object of one of these classes is to associate it to a real file. This
procedure is known as to open a file. An open file is represented within a program by a stream object (an
instantiation of one of these classes, in the previous example this was myfile) and any input or output operation
performed on this stream object will be applied to the physical file associated to it.
In order to open a file with a stream object we use its member function open():
open (filename, mode);
Where filename is a null-terminated character sequence of type const char * (the same type that string literals
have) representing the name of the file to be opened, and mode is an optional parameter with a combination of the
following flags:
The C++ Language Tutorial
139
© cplusplus.com 2008. All rights reserved
ios::in Open for input operations.
ios::out Open for output operations.
ios::binary Open in binary mode.
ios::ate Set the initial position at the end of the file.
If this flag is not set to any value, the initial position is the beginning of the file.
ios::app All output operations are performed at the end of the file, appending the content to the current content
of the file. This flag can only be used in streams open for output-only operations.
ios::trunc If the file opened for output operations already existed before, its previous content is deleted and
replaced by the new one.
All these flags can be combined using the bitwise operator OR (|). For example, if we want to open the file
example.bin in binary mode to add data we could do it by the following call to member function open():
ofstream myfile;
myfile.open ("example.bin", ios::out | ios::app | ios::binary);
Each one of the open() member functions of the classes ofstream, ifstream and fstream has a default mode that
is used if the file is opened without a second argument:
class default mode parameter
ofstream ios::out
ifstream ios::in
fstream ios::in | ios::out
For ifstream and ofstream classes, ios::in and ios::out are automatically and respectively assumed, even if a
mode that does not include them is passed as second argument to the open() member function.
The default value is only applied if the function is called without specifying any value for the mode parameter. If
the function is called with any value in that parameter the default mode is overridden, not combined.
File streams opened in binary mode perform input and output operations independently of any format
considerations. Non-binary files are known as text files, and some translations may occur due to formatting of
some special characters (like newline and carriage return characters).
Since the first task that is performed on a file stream object is generally to open a file, these three classes include
a constructor that automatically calls the open() member function and has the exact same parameters as this
member. Therefore, we could also have declared the previous myfile object and conducted the same opening
operation in our previous example by writing:
ofstream myfile ("example.bin", ios::out | ios::app | ios::binary);
Combining object construction and stream opening in a single statement. Both forms to open a file are valid and
equivalent.
To check if a file stream was successful opening a file, you can do it by calling to member is_open() with no
arguments. This member function returns a bool value of true in the case that indeed the stream object is
associated with an open file, or false otherwise:
if (myfile.is_open()) { /* ok, proceed with output / }
The C++ Language Tutorial
140
© cplusplus.com 2008. All rights reserved
Closing a file
When we are finished with our input and output operations on a file we shall close it so that its resources become
available again. In order to do that we have to call the stream's member function close(). This member function
takes no parameters, and what it does is to flush the associated buffers and close the file:
myfile.close();
Once this member function is called, the stream object can be used to open another file, and the file is available
again to be opened by other processes.
In case that an object is destructed while still associated with an open file, the destructor automatically calls the
member function close().
Text files
Text file streams are those where we do not include the ios::binary flag in their opening mode. These files are
designed to store text and thus all values that we input or output from/to them can suffer some formatting
transformations, which do not necessarily correspond to their literal binary value.
Data output operations on text files are performed in the same way we operated with cout:
// writing on a text file
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main () {
ofstream myfile ("example.txt");
if (myfile.is_open())
{
myfile << "This is a line.\n";
myfile << "This is another line.\n";
myfile.close();
}
else cout << "Unable to open file";
return 0;
}
[file example.txt]
This is a line.
This is another line.
Data input from a file can also be performed in the same way that we did with cin:
The C++ Language Tutorial
141
© cplusplus.com 2008. All rights reserved
// reading a text file
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main () {
string line;
ifstream myfile ("example.txt");
if (myfile.is_open())
{
while (! myfile.eof() )
{
getline (myfile,line);
cout << line << endl;
}
myfile.close();
}
else cout << "Unable to open file";
return 0;
}
This is a line.
This is another line.
This last example reads a text file and prints out its content on the screen. Notice how we have used a new
member function, called eof() that returns true in the case that the end of the file has been reached. We have
created a while loop that finishes when indeed myfile.eof() becomes true (i.e., the end of the file has been
reached).
Checking state flags
In addition to eof(), which checks if the end of file has been reached, other member functions exist to check the
state of a stream (all of them return a bool value):
bad()
Returns true if a reading or writing operation fails. For example in the case that we try to write to a file
that is not open for writing or if the device where we try to write has no space left.
fail()
Returns true in the same cases as bad(), but also in the case that a format error happens, like when an
alphabetical character is extracted when we are trying to read an integer number.
eof()
Returns true if a file open for reading has reached the end.
good()
It is the most generic state flag: it returns false in the same cases in which calling any of the previous
functions would return true.
In order to reset the state flags checked by any of these member functions we have just seen we can use the
member function clear(), which takes no parameters.
get and put stream pointers
All i/o streams objects have, at least, one internal stream pointer:
ifstream, like istream, has a pointer known as the get pointer that points to the element to be read in the next
input operation.
The C++ Language Tutorial
142
© cplusplus.com 2008. All rights reserved
ofstream, like ostream, has a pointer known as the put pointer that points to the location where the next element
has to be written.
Finally, fstream, inherits both, the get and the put pointers, from iostream (which is itself derived from both
istream and ostream).
These internal stream pointers that point to the reading or writing locations within a stream can be manipulated
using the following member functions:
tellg() and tellp()
These two member functions have no parameters and return a value of the member type pos_type, which is an
integer data type representing the current position of the get stream pointer (in the case of tellg) or the put
stream pointer (in the case of tellp).
seekg() and seekp()
These functions allow us to change the position of the get and put stream pointers. Both functions are overloaded
with two different prototypes. The first prototype is:
seekg ( position );
seekp ( position );
Using this prototype the stream pointer is changed to the absolute position position (counting from the beginning
of the file). The type for this parameter is the same as the one returned by functions tellg and tellp: the
member type pos_type, which is an integer value.
The other prototype for these functions is:
seekg ( offset, direction );
seekp ( offset, direction );
Using this prototype, the position of the get or put pointer is set to an offset value relative to some specific point
determined by the parameter direction. offset is of the member type off_type, which is also an integer type.
And direction is of type seekdir, which is an enumerated type (enum) that determines the point from where
offset is counted from, and that can take any of the following values:
ios::beg offset counted from the beginning of the stream
ios::cur offset counted from the current position of the stream pointer
ios::end offset counted from the end of the stream
The following example uses the member functions we have just seen to obtain the size of a file:
The C++ Language Tutorial
143
© cplusplus.com 2008. All rights reserved
// obtaining file size
#include
#include
using namespace std;
int main () {
long begin,end;
ifstream myfile ("example.txt");
begin = myfile.tellg();
myfile.seekg (0, ios::end);
end = myfile.tellg();
myfile.close();
cout << "size is: " << (end-begin) << " bytes.\n";
return 0;
}
size is: 40 bytes.
Binary files
In binary files, to input and output data with the extraction and insertion operators (<< and >>) and functions like
getline is not efficient, since we do not need to format any data, and data may not use the separation codes used
by text files to separate elements (like space, newline, etc...).
File streams include two member functions specifically designed to input and output binary data sequentially:
write and read. The first one (write) is a member function of ostream inherited by ofstream. And read is a
member function of istream that is inherited by ifstream. Objects of class fstream have both members. Their
prototypes are:
write ( memory_block, size );
read ( memory_block, size );
Where memory_block is of type "pointer to char" (char), and represents the address of an array of bytes where
the read data elements are stored or from where the data elements to be written are taken. The size parameter is
an integer value that specifies the number of characters to be read or written from/to the memory block.
// reading a complete binary file
#include
#include
using namespace std;
ifstream::pos_type size;
char * memblock;
int main () {
ifstream file ("example.bin",
ios::in|ios::binary|ios::ate);
if (file.is_open())
{
size = file.tellg();
memblock = new char [size];
file.seekg (0, ios::beg);
file.read (memblock, size);
file.close();
cout << "the complete file content is in memory";
delete[] memblock;
}
else cout << "Unable to open file";
return 0;
}
the complete file content is in memory
In this example the entire file is read and stored in a memory block. Let's examine how this is done:
The C++ Language Tutorial
144
© cplusplus.com 2008. All rights reserved
First, the file is open with the ios::ate flag, which means that the get pointer will be positioned at the end of the
file. This way, when we call to member tellg(), we will directly obtain the size of the file. Notice the type we have
used to declare variable size:
ifstream::pos_type size;
ifstream::pos_type is a specific type used for buffer and file positioning and is the type returned by
file.tellg(). This type is defined as an integer type, therefore we can conduct on it the same operations we
conduct on any other integer value, and can safely be converted to another integer type large enough to contain
the size of the file. For a file with a size under 2GB we could use int:
int size;
size = (int) file.tellg();
Once we have obtained the size of the file, we request the allocation of a memory block large enough to hold the
entire file:
memblock = new char[size];
Right after that, we proceed to set the get pointer at the beginning of the file (remember that we opened the file
with this pointer at the end), then read the entire file, and finally close it:
file.seekg (0, ios::beg);
file.read (memblock, size);
file.close();
At this point we could operate with the data obtained from the file. Our program simply announces that the content
of the file is in memory and then terminates.
Buffers and Synchronization
When we operate with file streams, these are associated to an internal buffer of type streambuf. This buffer is a
memory block that acts as an intermediary between the stream and the physical file. For example, with an
ofstream, each time the member function put (which writes a single character) is called, the character is not
written directly to the physical file with which the stream is associated. Instead of that, the character is inserted in
that stream's intermediate buffer.
When the buffer is flushed, all the data contained in it is written to the physical medium (if it is an output stream)
or simply freed (if it is an input stream). This process is called synchronization and takes place under any of the
following circumstances:
• When the file is closed: before closing a file all buffers that have not yet been flushed are synchronized
and all pending data is written or read to the physical medium.
• When the buffer is full: Buffers have a certain size. When the buffer is full it is automatically
synchronized.
• Explicitly, with manipulators: When certain manipulators are used on streams, an explicit
synchronization takes place. These manipulators are: flush and endl.
• Explicitly, with member function sync(): Calling stream's member function sync(), which takes no
parameters, causes an immediate synchronization. This function returns an int value equal to -1 if the
stream has no associated buffer or in case of failure. Otherwise (if the stream buffer was successfully
synchronized) it returns 0.