CISCO Ideathon- Advance Software 2023 Online Assessment
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Cisco ideathon- Advance Software - 2023 Online Assessments
(Note: All types of questions asked were tried to be mentioned here for every section to provide a better exposure. The following questions have been asked for different candidates. There are different questions that have been asked from the list, and there might be some questions missing, mainly consisting of images that are not listed.)
Registration: Round 1
Cisco is organizing The Advance Software ideathon for the year 2023. The event consists of two rounds, an online assessment and a problem statement solution/approach presentation. The event aims to test the participants' knowledge and skills in various areas of software development.
Online Assessment: Round 2
The online assessment is divided into two sections: a mandatory section and an advanced section. Participants are required to attempt the complete test in one go within the specified time frame. This assessment had been on 13th July.
The online assessment consists of 22 questions in total, distributed across four sections:
Cognitive Ability (10 questions):
- Pattern Recognition and Analysis
- Blood and Relation
- Decode Language
- Missing Pattern Recognition
- Conclusion Statements
- Statement Types
- Match the Following
- Sitting/Standing Arrangement Types
Foundational Networking (10 questions):
- Computer Networks and Security
Foundational Software (1 question):
- Mathematical or Thinking-Type Coding Question
- Easy Level Data Structures
Advanced Software (1 question):
- Data Structures and Algorithms
- Object-Oriented Programming
The test duration is 90 minutes, and participants are expected to complete all sections within this time frame. It is essential to carefully read and understand each question before attempting it.
PPT Submission
After the online assessment, participants will be required to submit a problem statement solution/approach presentation in the form of a PowerPoint (PPT) file. This presentation should showcase the participant's understanding of the problem statement and their proposed solution or approach to solving it.
Interview Process
Candidates who perform well in the online assessment and submit an impressive problem statement solution/approach presentation will be shortlisted for the interview process. The interview will provide an opportunity for participants to further discuss their solutions and demonstrate their knowledge and skills in software development.
The Cisco ideathon- Advance Software - 2023 online Assessments offers an exciting platform for participants to showcase their abilities and compete with fellow software enthusiasts. It is a great opportunity to learn and grow in the field of software development while gaining exposure to Cisco's advanced technologies and solutions.
Table of Content:
1. Cognitive Ability - ( 30 questions)
2. Foundational Networking - (38 questions)
3. Foundational Software - (7 questions)
-
1. Monica and Joey -
2. Test Creattion -
3. The Gift -
4. Pass the Ball -
5. Desmus and the check Centers -
6. Suit Up -
7. State of the Art
4. Advance Software - (4 questions)
-
1.Conversion Permutation -
2.Maximum Magnets -
3.Sports Analytics -
4.Profit Development
Let's start with every section Questions:
1. Congnitive Ability - (30 questions)
Question 1:
5 boys A, B, C, D, and E are running in a marathon in a single file.
At a particular point in the race, the following was observed:
A is running next to B, but B's position is not adjacent to that of C.
D is running adjacent to E, who is running at the front of the file.
C's position is not adjacent to that of D.
Who is running beside A?-
Select a option:
- B and C
- C and D
- B and D
- D and E
Solution:
A is running next to B.
B's position is not adjacent to that of C.
D is running adjacent to E, who is running at the front of the file.
C's position is not adjacent to that of D.
From these observations, we can conclude that D is running adjacent to E,
who is at the front of the file. Since A is running next to B,
the only remaining option is for C and D to be running beside A.
Therefore, the answer is: C and D.Question 2
Six dresses of different colors are kept on display side by side in a row in a shop.
The green dress is at the right end of the row.
The red dress is on the left of the violet dress,
which is neither beside the blue dress nor the green dress.
The blue dress is between the white and pink dresses.
The red dress and the blue dress are not beside one another.
Which dress is at the left end of the row?- Select an option:
- Violet
- White
- Red
- Blue
Solution:
Since the red dress is on the left of the violet dress,
and the green dress is at the right end,
the dress at the left end of the row is the Red dress.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 3: RedQuestion 3
In a certain Code, "MORSEL" is written as "OSL".
How is "FOREST" written in that code?- Select an option:
- OST
- OET
- FRS
- FRT
Solution:
In a certain code,
"MORSEL" is written as "OSL".
MOR -> O
SE -> S
L -> L
To determine how "FOREST" is written in that code, we can analyze the given transformation.
FOR -> O
ES -> E
T -> T
Therefore, Correct Option is : OET.Question 4
In a certain code, "POSTER" is written as "CPUVHU",
How is "FUTURE" written in that code?- Select an option:
- GVWVUI
- GVWWUH
- GVVWUH
- GWVVUI
Solution:
Correct answer is : GVWVUI
Question 5
Seven boys, A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, are sitting in a row.
A sits to the immediate left of B and third to the right of C.
E sits to the left of C and to the right of D.
Which of the given pieces of information cannot confirm the seating arrangement of all the boys?- Select an option:
- F is to the immediate right of C, whereas G is to the left of A.
- C and A have two people between them.
- F and E have two people between them.
- D and F have two people between them.
Solution:
The given piece of information that cannot confirm the seating arrangement of all the boys is:
Correct answer :- "F and E have two people between them" .
Explanation:
A sits to the immediate left of B and third to the right of C.
C _ A B
E sits to the left of C and to the right of D.
So, E can be in two position between D and C. let's suppose E is right of D as:-
D E _ C _ A B
Remaining, two position are not defined for F and G .
Now we will see given options:
1. F is to the immediate right of C, whereas G is to the left of A.
As position is not defined about F to be immediate right of C and about G to be left of A.
we cannot go to this option.
2. C and A have two people between them.
This option is incorrect because position of C and A is Confirmed.
where C and A can have only one people between them.
3. F and E have two people between them.
If we go through this option as position of F and E is not defined
but we know E can take one out of two position between D and C
we are left with three possibility:
then position can be as:
1. D E _ C F A B
2. D _ E C F A B
3. D E F C _ A B
As Position is not defined we can go with 1st possibility.
where this option can came out to be correct.
4. D and F have two people between them. For above possibility this hold an incorrect possibility.
There can be one or three people between D and F.Question 6
Each of the six persons - J, K, L, M, N, and P - scored different marks in an exam.
L scored more than only two other people.
K had a lower score than L but was not the lowest scorer.
J scored less than only one other person.
P scored neither the highest nor the lowest marks.
K and M scored 35 and 50 marks, respectively.
If L scored 45,
what could be the combined marks of P and L from the given options? - Select an option:
- 81
- 79
- 91
- 80
Solution:
To determine the combined marks of P and L, let's analyze the given information:
L scored more than only two other people.
Since there are six people in total, this means L scored the third-lowest marks.
K had a lower score than L but was not the lowest scorer. From this,
we know that K scored lower than L, but there is at least one person who scored even lower than K.
J scored less than only one other person.
J scored higher than four people but lower than one person.
P scored neither the highest nor the lowest marks.
This means P's score is not the highest, and it's also not the lowest among the six people.
K and M scored 35 and 50 marks, respectively.
From the given information, we can determine the following order of scores from lowest to highest:
K - 35
J - unknown
P - unknown
L - 45,
M - 50,
N - unknown
Now, let's consider the available options for the combined marks of P and L:
81: If P scored 36, which is higher than L,
it would contradict the given information that L scored more than only two other people.
So, this option is not valid.
79: If P scored 34, which is lower than L,
it would contradict the given information that P scored neither the highest nor the lowest marks.
So, this option is not valid.
91: If P scored 46, which is higher than L, it would contradict the given information that
L scored more than only two other people.
So, this option is not valid.
80: If P scored 35, which is equal to K's score, it would satisfy all the given conditions.
P would have scored neither the highest nor the lowest marks, and
L would have scored more than only two other people.
So, this option is valid.
Based on the given information, the combined marks of P and L could be 80.Question 7
In a Certain language, if "ROSE" is coded as "WTXJ" and "JACK" is coded as " OFHP",
then what would be the code for "LKQT" in the same language?- Select an option:
- QPYV
- QYVP
- QPVY
- PVPY
Solution:
If we apply a shift value of 5 to the word "ROSE",
each letter in the original word will be shifted forward by five positions
to obtain the corresponding coded letter.
Using a shift value of 5:
'R' shifted forward by 5 positions becomes 'W.'
'O' shifted forward by 5 positions becomes 'T'
'S' shifted forward by 5 positions becomes 'X'
'E' shifted forward by 5 positions becomes 'J'.
In a same way ,
If we apply a shift value of 5 to the word "LKQT",
each letter in the original word will be shifted forward by five positions
to obtain the corresponding coded letter.
Therefore, the code for "LKQT" in the same language, with a shift value of 5, would be "QPVY."
Option:- 3 is Correct.Question 8
In the question below, there are three statements followed by two conclusions marked I and II.
Consider the statements to be true,
even though they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts.
Find out which of the given conclusions logically follows the given statements.
Mark your answer as per the given options.Statements:
A. All circles are triangles.
B. No circles are squares.
C. Some squares are hexagons.Conclusions:
I. All hexagons being triangles is a possibility.
II. No circles are hexagons.- Select an options:
- Only conclusion I follows.
- Only conclusion II follows.
- Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.
- Both conclusion I and conclusion II follow.
Solution:
To determine which conclusions logically follow the given statements,
let's analyze them one by one:
Conclusion I: All hexagons being triangles is a possibility.
Based on the given statements,
there is no direct information about the relationship between hexagons and triangles.
Therefore, we cannot conclude that all hexagons are necessarily triangles.
This conclusion does not logically follow the given statements.
Conclusion II: No circles are hexagons.
From statement B, it is clear that no circles are squares.
However, there is no direct information given about the relationship between circles and hexagons.
We cannot conclude that no circles are hexagons based on the provided statements.
This conclusion does not logically follow the given statements.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.Question 9
Five people P,Q, R, S, and T are sitting on a bench facing the North direction.
P and T are sitting at Extreme ends.
R is to the second left of T and the immediate right of Q.
What is the position of S?- Select an option:
- None of the above
- Second from the right end
- Third from the left end
- Second from the left end
Solution:
Based on the given information:
P and T are sitting at the extreme ends. This means P is on the left end and T is on the right end.
P _ _ _ T
R is to the second left of T.
P _ _ R T
Since T is on the right end, R must be to the immediate left of T.
P _ _ R T
R is also the immediate right of Q.
P _ Q R T
Therefore, Q must be sitting to the immediate left of R.
Now, let's determine the position of S:
Since P and T are sitting at the extreme ends, and Q, R, and S are placed between them,
the only possible position for S is the "second from the left end."
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Second from the left end.Question 10
In the question below, there are three statements followed by two conclusions marked I and II.
Consider the statements to be true,
even though they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts.
Find out which of the given conclusions logically follows the given statements.
Mark your answer as per the given options.Statements:
A. All pens are boards.
B. No board is paper.
C. Some papers are trees.Conclusions:
I. All trees being pens is a possibility.
II. No pens are paper.- Select an options:
- Only conclusion I follows.
- Only conclusion II follows.
- Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.
- Both conclusion I and conclusion II follow.
Solution
Let's analyze each conclusion based on the given statements:
Conclusion I: All trees being pens is a possibility.
Based on the given statements,
there is no direct information about the relationship between trees and pens.
We cannot conclude that all trees can be pens based on the provided statements.
This conclusion does not logically follow the given statements.
Conclusion II: No pens are paper.
From statement B, it is clear that no board is paper.
However, there is no direct information given about the relationship between pens and paper.
We cannot conclude that no pens are paper based on the provided statements.
This conclusion does not logically follow the given statements.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.Question 11
Four friends - M, N, O, and P - are comparing their heights.
They are all of different heights.
M is taller than only one person.
The number of people taller than P is equal to the number of people shorter than O.
Who is the second tallest among the four?- Select an option:
- N
- P
- O
- M
Solution:
The second tallest among the four friends is N.
Here's the reasoning:
M is taller than only one person: This means that M is the shortest among the four friends.
The number of people taller than P is equal to the number of people shorter than O:
This implies that P and O have an equal number of people taller and shorter than them.
Since M is the shortest, and P and O have different heights,
P must be taller than O.
Therefore, O is one of the two shortest friends.
Since M is the shortest and O is one of the two shortest,
the remaining friend, N, must be taller than both M and O.
Therefore, N is the second tallest among the four friends.
So, the correct answer is N.Question 12
A five-digit number is made up of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Among these digits, the digit '1' is located to the right of the digit '2',
the digit '5' is to the left of the digit '3' and to the right of the digit '1',
and the digit '2' is to the right of the digit '4'.
Which numerical digit is at the hundreds place?- Select an option:
- 1
- 2
- 4
- 3
Solution:
Among the given conditions,
we can determine the digit at the hundreds place by analyzing the given information:
The digit '1' is located to the right of the digit '2'.
2 1
The digit '5' is to the left of the digit '3' and to the right of the digit '1'.
1 5 3
The digit '2' is to the right of the digit '4'.
4 2
By combining these conditions, we can infer the following order for the five-digit number:
4 2 1 5 3.
Therefore, the digit at the hundreds place is 1.
The correct option is: 1.Question 13
Mr. A started walking from point X towards the North for 20 m.
Then he took a right turn and walked for another 20 m.
After this, he turned to his left and walked for 20 m, and
finally, He turned towards the South and walked for 60 m.
How far is Mr. A from point X, and in which direction?- Select an option:
- 40 m South
- None of the mentioned options.
- 20 m, South
- 20 m, South-east
Solution:
Mr. A starts walking from point X towards the North for 20 m.
This means he moves in an upward direction .
Then he takes a right turn and walks for another 20 m.
This means he moves towards the East.
After this, he turns to ** "his left" and walks for 20 m.
This means he moves towards the North.
Finally, he turns towards the South and walks for 60 m. This means he moves downwards.
N
_
| |
20m 3rd step | |
20 m 2ndstep | |
W |------------| | E
| |
1st step 20m | | 60m 4th step
X |
|
|
|
🤵
(Mr.A)
S
Therefore , correct option is:- 20m, South.Question 14
In a family, A is the brother of B, who is the daughter of E,
and C is the mother of D. If D is the brother of A,
how is C related to E?- Select an option:
- Mother
- Mother-in-law
- Aunt
- Wife
Solution:
Based on the given information:
A is the brother of B.
B is the daughter of E.
C is the mother of D.
D is the brother of A.
From these statements, we can conclude that C is the mother of both A and D.
D, A and B are brother and sister
(m)A<----C(f)---->D(m) and E---->B(f)
Gender of E is not defined.
If we consider E as female than E can be an aunt.
But A cannot be brother of B (biologically) .
This cradicts the assumption.
and if E is male then E can have husband- wife relation
and it also fits all the conditions above.
C is female and E is male than C is wife of E.
Therefore, the correct option is: wife.Question 15
In the question below, there are three statements followed by two conclusions marked I and II.
Consider the statements to be true,
even though they seem to be at variance with commonly known facts.
Find out which of the given conclusions logically follows the given statements.
Mark your answer as per the given options.Statements:
A. All rabbits are squirrels.
B. No squirrels are cats.
C. Some cats are elephants.Conclusions:
I. All elephants being squirrels is a possibility.
II. No rabbits are cats.- Select an options:
- Only conclusion I follows.
- Only conclusion II follows.
- Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.
- Both conclusion I and conclusion II follow.
Solution:
Let's analyze each conclusion based on the given statements:
Conclusion I: All elephants being squirrels is a possibility.
From the given statements,
there is no direct information or connection between elephants and squirrels.
We cannot conclude that all elephants can be squirrels based on the provided statements.
This conclusion does not logically follow the given statements.
Conclusion II: No rabbits are cats.
From statement A,
we know that all rabbits are squirrels, and from statement B,
we know that no squirrels are cats.
Since all rabbits are classified as squirrels and no squirrels are cats,
we can logically conclude that no rabbits are cats.
This conclusion logically follows the given statements.
Therefore, the correct answer is: Only conclusion II follows.Question 16
In a certain code, "FRENCH" is written as "FQEMCG". How is "JULY" written in that code?- Select an option:
- IUKY
- JTLX
- IULX
- JVLZ
Solution:
To decipher the code, let's analyze the given example:
"FRENCH" is written as "FQEMCG." where,
F written as it is "F"
R is shifted back from one position as "Q"
E written as it is "E"
N is shifted back from one position as "M"
C written as it is "C"
H is shifted back from one position as "G"
in a Same way , If we write "JULY" in that coded language it became as
"JTLX"
Correction option is : JTLX Question 17
Three people are sitting in a row, P1 is to the left of P3 and P2 is to the right of P1.
Find the position of P3 with respect to P2.- Select an option:
- Second left
- Cannot be determined
- Immediate right
- Immediate left
Solution:
Based on the given information:
P1 is to the left of P3.
P2 is to the right of P1.
From this, we can determine the relative positions of P1, P2, and P3 in the row:
P1 -> P3 -> P2
Therefore, the position of P3 with respect to P2 is the "Immediate left."
The correct option is:
Immediate left.Question 18
In the question below are three satement followed by two conclusions marked Iand II.
Consider the statements to be true,
even though they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts.
Find out which of the given conclusion(s) logically follows the given statements.
Mark your answer as per the given options.Statements:
A. Some birds are migratory birds.
B. Some migratory birds are flightless.
C. No flightless birds are natural.Conclusions:
I. All birds being flightless is a possibility.
II. No migratory birds are natural.- Select an options:
- Only conclusion I follows.
- Only conclusion II follows.
- Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.
- Both conclusion I and conclutions II follow.
Solution:
Let's analyze each conclusion based on the given statements:
Conclusion I: All birds being flightless is a possibility.
From the given statements,
there is no direct information or connection between all birds and being flightless.
Only some migratory birds are mentioned as flightless.
Therefore, we cannot conclude that all birds can be flightless based on the provided statements.
This conclusion does not logically follow the given statements.
Conclusion II: No migratory birds are natural.
From statement C, it is stated that no flightless birds are natural.
However, there is no direct information given about the relationship
between migratory birds and being natural.
Therefore, we cannot conclude that no migratory birds are natural based on the provided statements.
This conclusion does not logically follow the given statements.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.Question 19
In the question below are three satement followed by two conclusions marked Iand II.
Consider the statements to be true,
even though they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts.
Find out which of the given conclusion(s) logically follows the given statements.
Mark your answer as per the given options.Statements:
A. No asteroid is an ordit.
B. Some leads are planets
C. All orbits are planetsConclusions:
I. All leads being an orbit is a possibility.
II. No planets are asteroid.- Select an options:
- Only conclusion I follows.
- Only conclusion II follows.
- Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.
- Both conclusion I and conclutions II follow.
Solution:
Let's analyze each conclusion based on the given statements:
Conclusion I: All leads being an orbit is a possibility.
From the given statements,
there is no direct information or connection between leads and being an orbit.
Therefore, we cannot conclude that all leads can be an orbit based on the provided statements.
This conclusion does not logically follow the given statements.
Conclusion II: No planets are asteroid.
From statement A, it is stated that no asteroid is an orbit.
Since all orbits are planets according to statement C,
we can logically conclude that no planets are asteroids.
This conclusion logically follows the given statements.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Only conclusion II follows.Question 20
In the question below are three satement followed by two conclusions marked Iand II.
Consider the statements to be true,
even though they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts.
Find out which of the given conclusion(s) logically follows the given statements.
Mark your answer as per the given options.Statements:
A. All humans are robots..
B. Some robots are not real.
C. Some humans are real.Conclusions:
I. All humans being real is a possibility.
II. Some humans are not real.- Select an options:
- Only conclusion I follows.
- Only conclusion II follows.
- Neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.
- Both conclusion I and conclutions II follow.
Solution:
Let's analyze each conclusion based on the given statements:
Conclusion I: All humans being real is a possibility.
From the given statements, it is stated that all humans are robots,
and there is no direct information or connection between humans and being real.
Therefore, we cannot conclude that all humans can be real based on the provided statements.
This conclusion does not logically follow the given statements.
Conclusion II: Some humans are not real.
From statement B, it is stated that some robots are not real.
Since all humans are stated to be robots in statement A,
it follows that if some robots are not real, then it is possible that some humans are not real as well.
This conclusion logically follows the given statements.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Only conclusion II follows.Question 21:
if 'P x Q' means 'P is the brother of Q',
'P - Q' means 'P is the sister of Q',
'P + Q' means 'P is the mother of Q',
'P / Q' means 'P is the father of Q'.
Which of the following means 'A is the grandfather of Z'?- Select an option:
- A / P + Z
- A x P / Z
- Z / P + A
- A - P + Z
Solution:
'P x Q' means 'P is the brother of Q'
'P - Q' means 'P is the sister of Q'
'P + Q' means 'P is the mother of Q'
'P / Q' means 'P is the father of Q'
To express 'A is the grandfather of Z', we can use the code 'A / P + Z'.
Here's the breakdown of the code:
'A / P' means 'A is the father of P' (A is the father of the parent of Z)
'P + Z' means 'P is the mother of Z' (P is the parent of Z)
Combining these codes, we get 'A / P + Z',
which means 'A is the father of the parent of Z, and P is the mother of Z'.
Therefore, the correct option is: A / P + ZQuestion 22
In a school, there are 7 class periods for 7 different subjects every day.
On a particular day, the seven periods were for the subjects - English, Biology, Craft, Debating, Economics, French, and Geography, not necessarily in this order.
The period on Craft was immediately before the period on Debating.
The period on Geography was sometime after the one on Craft. There are exactly two periods between the periods of English and Economics.
If the period on English was the second period of that day, which subject was the third period for?- Select an option:
- Craft
- Debating
- Geography
- Biology
Solution:
In the given scenario, we have 7 class periods for 7 different subjects: English, Biology, Craft, Debating, Economics, French, and Geography.
The specific order of these subjects is not provided initially.
However, we are given some clues to determine the order of the periods.
It is mentioned that the period on Craft is immediately before the period on Debating,
and the period on Geography is sometime after the one on Craft.
Additionally, there are exactly two periods between the periods of English and Economics.
Based on these clues, we can infer the following:
The period on Craft comes before the period on Debating.
The period on Geography comes after the period on Craft.
There are exactly two periods between the periods of English and Economics.
Considering these clues, let's examine the options:
"Craft": If Craft is the third period, then the order would be English, Economics, Craft.
However, this contradicts the clue that there are exactly two periods between the periods of English and Economics.
"Debating": If Debating is the third period, then the order would be English, Economics, Debating.
This satisfies the clue that there are exactly two periods between the periods of English and Economics,
but it does not fulfill the clue that Craft is immediately before Debating.
"Geography": If Geography is the third period, then the order would be English, Economics, Geography.
This satisfies both clues - there are exactly two periods between the periods of English and Economics, and Geography is after Craft.
"Biology": If Biology is the third period, then it does not satisfy any of the given clues.
Based on the analysis, the subject that is most likely to be the third period is : - Geography.Question 23:
Mr. Bean wants to cross a street. Due to high traffic, he walks straight for 10m, then takes a right turn and walks for another 15m.
After that, he takes a left turn and walks for another 25m.
Then he takes a left turn and walks for 15m.
Then again, he takes a right turn and walks for another 40m to cross the street.
Find the difference between the actual length of the street and the distance he covered.- Select an option:
- 25m
- 30m
- 50m
- 45m
Solution:
Let's see what is the difference between the actual length of the street and the distance he covered:
1. he walks straight for 10m.
2.he takes a right turn and walks for another 15m.
3.he takes a left turn and walks for another 25m.
4.he takes a left turn and walks for 15m.
5.he takes a right turn and walks for another 40m to cross the street
________________________________🤵___<- end______________/|\__________________________
| |
| |
| 40m |
| |
| 15m |
|-----------------| | (10m + 25m + 40m )
| | 75m
|25m |
| |
------------------| |
| 15m |
| 10m |
_________________________________🤵_____-start___________\|/______________________________
The difference between the actual length of the street and the distance he covered is :
The distance he covered is : 105m.
The actual length of the street is: 75m.
Therefore, Correct answer is : 30m.
Question 24:
Seven people, P, Q, R, S, T, U, and V, are sitting in a row facing North, but not necessarily in the same order.
There are exactly four people between Q and R. Q is neither at the end nor adjacent to P.
Three people are sitting between P and S.
How many people are sitting to the left of P?- Select an option:
- 1
- 4
- 3
- 2
Solution
There are exactly four people between Q and R:
Since Q and R are not adjacent, and there are exactly four people between them,
we can conclude that the arrangement is as follows:
_ Q _ _ _ _ R.
Q is neither at the end nor adjacent to P:
This means that Q cannot be at the leftmost end or at the rightmost end, and it cannot be adjacent to P.
Therefore, Q must be in one of the middle positions.
Three people are sitting between P and S:
Since there are three people between P and S, and we know that Q is not adjacent to P,
we can deduce that the arrangement is as follows:
P _ _ _ S.
Here, Position of T , U and V are not defined.They can be on any of the empty space.
Based on the given conditions, the arrangement looks like this which satisfy all the conditions above:
S Q _ _ P _ R
Now, if we count the number of people to the left of P,
This gives us a total of 4 people to the left of P.
Therefore, the correct answer is 4.Question 25:
Pointing to a photograph, a woman says,
"This man's daughter's only brother is my father."
How is the woman's father related to the man in the photograph?- Select an option:
- Son
- Grandson
- Nephew
- Son-in-law
Solution:
Let's break down the relationships mentioned in the statement:
"This man's daughter" refers to the daughter of the man in the photograph.
"Only brother" refers to the woman's father, who is the brother of the man's daughter.
The woman states that her father is the man's daughter's only brother.
Based on this information,
it becomes clear that the woman's father is the man in the photograph.
Therefore, the woman's father is the man's son.
Hence, the correct answer is "Son."Question 26:
In a certain code, "QUANT" is written as "PVZOS". How is "JEMINI" written in that code?- Select an option:
- KDNHOH
- IFLJMJ
- KDNIOI
- IFLIMI
Solution
Let's see the pattern of "QUANT" written as "PVZOS":
Q 1 backward position P
U 1 forward position V
A 1 backward position Z
N 1 forward position O
T 1 backward position S
Following this pattern , "JEMINI" can be written as: "IFLJMJ"Question 27:
In a state city, A is to the east of City B, City B is to the north of City C, and City C is to the south of City D.
Which of these cannot be the direction of City D from City A?- Select an option:
- North-west
- South-west
- South-east
- West
Solution
Based on the given information,
we know that City A is to the east of City B,
City B is to the north of City C,
and City C is to the south of City D.
⛪ (City C) 🏙(City D)
| |
🏘 --🏡 (City B) or (City B) 🏡 -- 🏘
| |
🏙 (City D) ⛪(City C)
Now, let's consider each option and see if it is possible for City D to be in that direction from City A:
North-west:
This direction is towards the top-left on the map. It is possible for City D to be in this direction from City A.
South-west:
This direction is towards the bottom-left on the map. It is possible for City D to be in this direction from City A.
South-east:
This direction is towards the bottom-right on the map. It is possible for City D to be in this direction from City A.
West:
This direction is towards the left on the map.
However, since City A is to the east of City B, it is not possible for City D to be in the west direction from City A.
Therefore, the direction that cannot represent the location of City D from City A is: "West."Question 28:
Seven men, P, Q, R, S, T, U, and V, are sitting in a row.
P sits to the immediate left of Q and third to the right of R,
whereas S, who sits at the extreme left, is next to T.
If only P sits between U and Q,
who is exactly in the middle of the row?- Select an option:
- R
- T
- V
- U
Solution
Let's analyze the given information to determine who is exactly in the middle of the row:
P sits to the immediate left of Q:
P Q
This means that P and Q are sitting next to each other, with P on the left side of Q.
P is third to the right of R:
R _ P Q
This implies that there are one people sitting between R and P.
S sits at the extreme left and is next to T:
S T
This means that S is sitting on the leftmost end of the row, and T is sitting next to S.
Only P sits between U and Q:
R U P Q
This indicates that U is sitting between of R and P.
Based on the given information, the seating arrangement can be visualized as follows:
S T _ R U P Q
From the information provided,
we can conclude that there are three people to the left of R and three people to the right of R.
Since there are seven people in total,
The person in the middle must be R.
Therefore, the answer is: RQuestion 29:
Six horses are participating in a race. At a particular moment in time,
it was observed that the brown horse is between the black and white horses.
The gray horse is between the chestnut-colored horse and the cream-colored horse.
The black horse is to the left of the chestnut horse.
Which color horse is second to the right of the horse that is to the immediate left of the black horse?- Select an option:
- Chestnut
- White
- Gray
- Black
Solution
The brown horse is between the black and white horses: Let's represent them as B (black), Br (brown), and W (white).
The arrangement can be visualized as :
B - Br - W.
The gray horse is between the chestnut-colored horse and the cream-colored horse:
Let's represent them as Ch (chestnut), G (gray), and Cr (cream).
The arrangement can be visualized as :
Ch - G - Cr.
The black horse is to the left of the chestnut horse:
Based on the previous arrangements,
we know that B (black) is to the left of Ch (chestnut).
Putting all the information together, we have the following arrangement:
B - Ch - G - Br - W - Cr
To determine the color of the horse that is second to the right of the horse immediately to the left of the black horse,
we follow these steps:
Identify the horse immediately to the left of the black horse, which is Ch (chestnut).
Determine the horse that is second to the right of Ch (chestnut), which is W (white).
Therefore, the color of the horse that is second to the right of the horse immediately to the left of the black horse is White.
The answer is: WhiteQuestion 30:
P, Q, R, and S stand in a row wearing different colored shirts - red, green, blue, and pink, not necessarily in the same order.
The person wearing pink is not at either end.
The person wearing the blue shirt is standing between the people wearing the green and pink shirts.
S is wearing a green shirt.
If P is standing 2nd from the right end,
which of the following could be true about its position and the color of the shirt he is wearing?- Select an option:
- Right end, wearing a pink shirt
- 3rd from the left end, wearing a pink shirt
- Left end, wearing a blue shirt
- 3rd from the right end, wearing a blue shirt
Solution
Let's analyze the given information to determine the possible position and shirt color for person P:
The person wearing pink is not at either end:
This means that the person wearing pink cannot be at the left or right end.
The person wearing the blue shirt is standing between the people wearing the green and pink shirts:
This tells us that the arrangement must be either
Green - Blue - Pink or Pink - Blue - Green.
S is wearing a green shirt:
From the previous information, we know that S is wearing a green shirt.
P is standing 2nd from the right end:
This means that P is the second person from the right end.
Based on this information, let's consider the possible scenarios:
* If Red is on left end
Scenario 1: Red - Green - Blue - Pink
S P
Scenario 2: Red - Pink - Blue - Green
p S
In this scenario, the possible positions and shirt colors for P are:
Right end, Wearing a Blue Shirt.
or 3rd from left end wearing a Blue shirt.
* If Red is on right end.
Scenario 1: Pink - Blue - Green- Red
S (X) as P is 2nd from right end.
Scenario 2: Green - Blue - Pink - Red
S P
In this scenario, the possible positions and shirt colors for P are:
Rignt end, wearing pink shirt
or 3rd from left end, wearing pink shirt
Therefore, the possible options for the position and shirt color of person P are:
The answer is: Rignt end, wearing pink shirt
or 3rd from left end, wearing pink shirt2. Foundational Networking- (38 Questions)
Question 1:
You are developing a client-server application that requires communication between the client and server using a custom protocol.
The server listens on port 8080 for incoming connections, and the client needs to establish a connection and send a request to the server.
Which programming language or framework would you recommend for implementing the application layer communication in this scenario?- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Python's socket module
- Java's java.net package
- JavaScript's fetch API
- C++'s boost::asio library
Solution:
For implementing the application layer communication in the scenario described
(client-server communication using a custom protocol on port 8080),
the most appropriate option among the given choices would be:
Python's socket module
Python's socket module provides a simple and straightforward way to handle sockets,
making it well-suited for network communication tasks.
It allows you to create sockets, establish connections, and exchange data between the client and server easily.
Python is known for its ease of use and readability, which can be beneficial for developing network applications.
While the other options (Java's java.net package, JavaScript's fetch API, and C++'s boost::asio library)
can also be used for network communication, Python's socket module is often considered more beginner-friendly
and has good support for network programming, making it a popular choice for developing
simple client-server applications like the one described.
So, the correct option is: Python's socket module.Question 2:
Consider that John is a software engineer working on a client-server application.
He needs to ensure that the client can successfully establish a TCP connection with the server for data exchange.
During the testing phase, he observes the given sequence of events:
The client application sends a SYN packet to the server.
The server receives the SYN packet and sends back an ACK packet with the SYN flag set.
The client receives the SYN-ACK packet and sends an ACK packet to the server, completing the three-way handshake.
Based on this scenario, which statement is NOT true regarding the TCP connection establishment process? - Select the correct option from the given choices:
- SYN and ACK flags are used in the TCP header.
- The client application sends a SYN packet to the server.
- The server application initiates the connection.
- Three-way handshake is used.
Solution
The server application initiates the connection.
In the TCP three-way handshake process,
it is the client application that initiates the connection by sending a SYN packet to the server.
The server then responds with an ACK packet with the SYN flag set, and
finally, the client sends an ACK packet back to the server to complete the three-way handshake.
So, the correct option is: The server application initiates the connection.Question 3:
In a large enterprise network, assume that a user is accessing a web application hosted on a remote server.
The user's computer sends an HTTP request to the server, and the server responds with the requested web page.
During this process, _____ and _____ are involved in the communication and perform specific functions.- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Data link layer and transport layer
- Physical layer and network layer
- Network layer and application layer
- Application layer and transport layer
Solution
Application layer and transport layer
In a large enterprise network,
when a user is accessing a web application hosted on a remote server,
the communication involves the application layer and the transport layer.
'Application layer': This layer is responsible for the user-facing communication and handles the high-level protocols.
In this scenario, the user's computer sends an HTTP request to the server using protocols like HTTP or HTTPS,
which are part of the application layer.
'Transport layer': This layer is responsible for end-to-end communication between the client and server.
It manages the transport of data packets and provides features like error detection, flow control, and congestion control.
In this scenario, the transport layer handles the HTTP response sent by the server to the user's computer, and
it may use protocols like TCP or UDP to ensure reliable data delivery.
So, the correct option is: Application layer and transport layer.Question 4:
You are configuring a network subnet for a large organization.
The network administrator has been assigned the task of assigning a subnet mask.
The organization has a class B network address with the default subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.
The network administrator decides to use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 for a particular subnet.
What is the effect of this subnet mask assignment?- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- It allows for 512 subnets with 254 hosts each.
- It allows for 256 subnets with 254 hosts each.
- It allows for 256 subnets with 256 hosts each.
- It allows for 512 subnets with 128 hosts each.
Solution
In a class B network (e.g., 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255),
the default subnet mask is 255.255.0.0, which allows for 65536 (2^16) IP addresses in a single subnet.
However, with the subnet mask 255.255.255.0, the third octet (8 bits) is used for subnetting,
leaving 8 bits for host addresses in each subnet.
With 8 bits for hosts, there are 2^8 = 256 possible host addresses in each subnet (ranging from 0 to 255).
However, two addresses are reserved in each subnet - the network address (all 0's in the host part) and
the broadcast address (all 1's in the host part), leaving 254 usable host addresses in each subnet.
Since there are 256 possible combinations for the third octet (2^8), and
two addresses are reserved, there can be 256 subnets with 254 hosts each.
Therefore, the correct option is: It allows for 256 subnets with 254 hosts each.Question 5:
Assume that James is a software engineer who is developing a client-server application,that relies on TCP for communication.
He wants to ensure the proper establishment of a TCP connection between the client and the server.
In a TCP connection, the process of establishing a connection between a client and a server involves three steps.
Which option from the given choices correctly represents the order in which these steps occur?- Select the correct option from the given choices:
-
SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK -
ACK, SYN, SYN-ACK -
SYN-ACK, SYN, ACK -
SYN, ACK, SYN-ACK
-
Solution:
SYN (Synchronize):
The client initiates the connection by sending a SYN packet to the server.
This packet contains a random initial sequence number (ISN) that the client chooses.
SYN-ACK (Synchronize-Acknowledgment):
Upon receiving the SYN packet, the server responds with a SYN-ACK packet.
The SYN-ACK packet acknowledges the receipt of the SYN packet and also contains the server's own
random initial sequence number (ISN).
ACK (Acknowledgment):
Finally, the client acknowledges the receipt of the SYN-ACK packet by sending an ACK packet to the server.
The ACK packet contains the next sequence number (based on the ISN received from the server) and
indicates that the connection establishment is complete.
Therefore, the correct option is: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK.Question 6:
Consider you are a network engineer for a large company.
You are troubleshooting a problem with a user who is unable to access a website.
The user's computer is connected to the company's network via a wired Ethernet adapter.
You have checked the user's IP address and it is correct.
You have also checked the user's DNS settings and they are also correct.
You have narrowed down the problem to the OSI Reference Model.
Which layer might be causing the problem? - Select the correct option from the given choices:
- The Data Link layer, which is responsible for error detection and correction.
- The Transport layer, which is responsible for providing reliable end-to-end delivery of data.
- The Physical layer, which is responsible for the electrical and mechanical aspects of data transmission.
- The Network layer, which is responsible for routing packets between different networks.
Solution
The Physical layer of the OSI Reference Model is responsible for the physical transmission of data over the network medium,
such as transmitting bits as electrical signals over an Ethernet cable.
It deals with the hardware aspects of data transmission, including the physical medium, connectors, and signaling.
In this scenario, since the user is connected to the company's network via a wired Ethernet adapter, issues at the Physical layer could be causing the problem.
This could include problems with the physical connection, such as a loose cable, damaged cable, or issues with the network interface card (NIC) of the user's computer.
Issues with the Physical layer can result in the inability to establish a proper physical connection to the network, leading to difficulties in accessing websites or other network resources.
Therefore, the correct option is: The Physical layer, which is responsible for the electrical and mechanical aspects of data transmission.Question 7:
In a network consisting of 10,000 devices, assume that a company has divided the network into 10 subnets.
Each subnet is connected to the rest of the network through a ______.
The company has decided to enforce a new security policy that mandates encryption for all
traffic exchanged between subnets in order to encrypt the complete IP packet,
including the original IP header.
To achieve this, the company opts to implement the ___ IPsec.- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Hub-Authentication Header (AH)
- Router Transport Mode
- Router Tunnel Mode
- Hub-Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
Solution
In the given scenario, the company has divided the network into 10 subnets.
To enforce a new security policy that mandates encryption for all traffic exchanged between subnets and encrypt the complete IP packet,
including the original IP header, the company opts to implement IPsec in Router Tunnel Mode.
IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) is a suite of protocols that provides security services for IP (Internet Protocol) data packets.
It can be used to encrypt and authenticate IP packets, providing confidentiality, integrity, and authentication for network communications.
In Router Tunnel Mode, the entire original IP packet, including the original IP header, is encapsulated within a new IP packet,
which is then encrypted and authenticated. This allows for secure communication between subnets as the entire packet is protected.
The other options are not relevant in this context:
Hub-Authentication Header (AH) is an IPsec protocol that provides data integrity and authentication,
but it does not encrypt the entire IP packet, including the original IP header.
Router Transport Mode encrypts only the data payload of the IP packet, not the entire IP packet including the original IP header.
Hub-Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) is an IPsec protocol that provides data confidentiality, integrity, and authentication.
However, in this context, it does not encapsulate the entire IP packet, including the original IP header,
which is required by the company's new security policy.Question 8:
You are a network architect designing a new network infrastructure for a large corporation.
To create an accurate network model, you decide to use a graph-based approach in Python.
You implement the following code snippet to represent the network:#code_start_Python
import networkx as nx
def create_network_model():
G = nx.Graph()
G.add_node('Router')
G.add_node('Switch')
G.add_node('Firewall')
G.add_node('Server')
G.add_edge('Router', 'Switch')
G.add_edge('Switch', 'Firewall')
G.add_edge('Firewall', 'Server')
return G
#code_endBased on the given code, what does the create_network_model() function return?- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- A graph object representing the network model with nodes as devices and edges as connections.
- An empty graph object.
- A list of devices in the network.
- A list of connections between the devices in the network.
Solution
The create_network_model() function returns:
A graph object representing the network model with nodes as devices and edges as connections.
Explanation:
In the given Python code snippet,
the function create_network_model() uses the networkx library to create a graph-based representation of a network model.
The function creates a graph object 'G' using the nx.Graph() constructor.
It then adds four nodes to the graph, representing different devices in the network - 'Router', 'Switch', 'Firewall', and 'Server'.
Each of these nodes represents a device in the network infrastructure.
Next, the function adds three edges to the graph using the G.add_edge() method.
These edges represent connections between the devices in the network.
Specifically, there is a connection between 'Router' and 'Switch', 'Switch' and 'Firewall', and 'Firewall' and 'Server'.
These edges define the connectivity between the devices in the network.
Finally, the function returns the graph object 'G', which represents the entire network model with nodes as devices and edges as connections.
Therefore, the correct option is:
A graph object representing the network model with nodes as devices and edges as connections.Question 9:
Assume that a company is planning to implement a new network infrastructure and is evaluating different network models.
The company requires a model that provides fault tolerance, scalability, and efficient communication between distributed systems.
Which network model will be most suitable for its requirements? - Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Peer-to-peer (P2P) network model
- Bus network model
- Client-server network model
- Hybrid network model
Solution
Fault Tolerance: In a client-server network model, fault tolerance can be achieved by having dedicated servers responsible for providing specific services.
If one server fails, other servers can continue to provide the required services, ensuring high availability and fault tolerance.
Scalability: Client-server network models are inherently scalable.
As the company's network grows and more clients need to be accommodated, additional servers can be added to handle the increased load, allowing for easy scalability.
Efficient Communication: In a client-server network model, the servers are responsible for handling specific tasks and services.
This centralized approach allows for efficient communication between clients and servers, as clients can request services directly from the appropriate server.
This direct communication ensures faster response times and efficient data exchange.
On the other hand:
Peer-to-peer (P2P) network model:
While P2P networks can be decentralized and allow for direct communication between nodes (peers),
they might not provide the same level of fault tolerance and efficient communication as client-server models,
especially in large-scale infrastructures.
Bus network model: Bus networks are simple and easy to implement, but they might lack fault tolerance and scalability,
making them less suitable for large organizations and distributed systems.
Hybrid network model: Hybrid networks combine elements of different network models, including client-server and P2P.
While they can provide some level of fault tolerance and scalability, the level of efficiency might vary based on the specific implementation.
Therefore, the most suitable network model for the company's requirements is the client-server network model.Question 10:
You are a network engineer working on a Python script to configure static on a router.
The script requires assigning a subnet mask to a specific network.
The IP address range has been defined as 192.168.100-192.168.10.255.
You are tasked with completing the code snippet below by adding the missing line to assign the appropriate subnet mask.#code_start_python
import ipaddress
ip_network = ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.168.10.0/24')
subnet_mask = # add the missing line of code
print(subnet_mask)
#code_end
Which line of code should be added to correctly assign the subnet mask for the given IP address range?- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- ip_networksubnet_mask
- ipaddress.IPv4Network_subnet_mask
- ipaddress.ip_network_subnet_mask.
- ip_network.netmask
Solution
The correct line of code to assign the subnet mask for the given IP address range is:
ip_network.netmask
So the complete code snippet would be: #code_start_python
import ipaddress
ip_network = ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.168.10.0/24')
subnet_mask = ip_network.netmask
print(subnet_mask)
#code_end The netmask attribute of the IPv4Network object in the ipaddress module provides
the subnet mask for the specified IP network.Question 11:
Consider you are a network engineer for a large company.
You are troubleshooting a problem with a user who is unable to access a website.
The user's computer is connected to the company's network via a ____________.
You have checked the user's IP address and it is correct.
You have also checked the user's DNS settings and they are also correct.
The most likely cause of the problem is that the ______ layer of the OSI Reference Model is not functioning correctly.- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Wireless Wi-Fi adapter, physical layer
- Wired Ethernet adapter, network layer
- Wireless Wi-Fi adapter, transport layer
- Wired Ethernet adapter, data link layer
Solution
The correct option is:
Wired Ethernet adapter, data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for providing reliable communication between devices on the same local network (LAN)
and is involved in addressing and error detection.
If the user's wired Ethernet adapter, which operates at the data link layer, is not functioning correctly,
it could be the likely cause of the problem in accessing the website.Question 12:
Assume that you are setting up a small office network that consists of a router, switch, and several computers.
The router is connected to the internet, and the switch connects the computers within the office.
You want to ensure that all the computers in the office can access the internet.
Which configuration will you use in this scenario? - Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Connect all the computers directly to the switch.
- Connect the switch to the router, and then connect the computers to the switch.
- Connect the computers directly to the internet without using the router or switch.
- Connect all the computers directly to the router.
Solution
Correct option:
Connect the switch to the router, and then connect the computers to the switch.
This configuration allows the router to manage the connection to the internet while the switch enables local network
communication among the computers within the office.Question 13:
Assume that you have been hired as a network consultant for a multinational with offices located in different countries.
The company wants to establish a reliable and efficient network infrastructure to connect all its offices.
As part of your analysis, you need to match the given network types with their corresponding characteristics:Characteristics:
- A. Typically owned and managed by a single organization.
- Spans across multiple buildings or a larger geographical area such as a city or metropolitan area.
- Covers the largest geographical area, often spanning across countries or continents.
- Covers a small geographical area such as a single building or campus.
Network Types:
LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
Analyze the given choices and select the correct option.- Select the correct option from the given choices:
-
LAN(Local Area Network)-(C) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - (D) WAN (Wide Area Network) - (B) WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) - (A) -
LAN (Local Area Network) - (B) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - (C) WAN (Wide Area Network) - (A) WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) - (D) -
LAN (Local Area Network) - (A) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - (B) WAN (Wide Area Network) - (C) WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) - (D) -
LAN (Local Area Network) - (D) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - (B) WAN (Wide Area Network) - (C) WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) - (A)
-
Solution
The correct option is:
LAN (Local Area Network) - (D)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - (B)
WAN (Wide Area Network) - (C)
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) - (A)
Here's the explanation:
LAN (Local Area Network) covers a small geographical area such as a single building or campus. (Characteristics D)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) spans across multiple buildings or a larger geographical area such as a city or metropolitan area.
(Characteristics B)
WAN (Wide Area Network) covers the largest geographical area, often spanning across countries or continents. (Characteristics C)
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) is a type of network that is typically owned and managed by a single organization.
(Characteristics A)Question 14:
Assume you are troubleshooting a network connectivity issue between two computers.
After performing some tests, you find that the computers can communicate with each other on the local network but not on the internet.
You suspect a possible issue with TCP.
Which option from the given choices denotes the likely cause of the problem?- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Firewallblocking outgoing traffic
- Faulty Ethernet cable.
- Incorrect subnet mask configuration.
- Improper DNS server settings.
Solution
The correct option is:
Firewall blocking outgoing traffic
If the computers can communicate with each other on the local network but not on the internet,
it suggests that local network connectivity is fine,
but there might be an issue with outgoing traffic being blocked by a firewall.
Firewalls can be configured to block certain types of traffic, including outgoing traffic to the internet.
This can prevent the computers from accessing the internet even though they can communicate with each other locally.Question 15:
In a large corporate network, assume that a user in the Sales department is experiencing connectivity issues.
The user is unable to access resources on the internet and is also unable to connect to any devices within the local network.
The user's computer is configured with the correct IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway.
Which option from the given choices denotes the most likely cause of this issue?- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Network congestion due to high data traffic.
- Network address conflict.
- Misconfigured VLAN settings.
- Faulty Ethernet cable connection.
Solution
The correct option is:
Network address conflict
If the user's computer is configured with the correct IP address,
subnet mask, and default gateway, but they are unable to access resources on the internet and
cannot connect to devices within the local network, it suggests that there might be a network address conflict.
This occurs when two devices on the network have the same IP address,
causing communication problems and connectivity issues.
The conflict could prevent the user's computer from reaching both local and internet resources.Question 16:
Assume that a medium-sized enterprise is planning to implement a wireless network infrastructure
that can support a high volume of simultaneous connections, provide seamless mobility for employees, and ensure robust security.
The network should cover multiple floors in an office building and accommodate a variety of devices, including laptops, smartphones, and IoT devices.
Which wireless networking standard will be the most suitable choice for this complex scenario? - Select the correct option from the given choices:
- 802.11g is a wireless networking standard that operates in the 2.4 GHz band and supports data rates up to 54 Mbps.
- 802.11n is a wireless networking standard that uses MIMO to achieve speeds of up to 600 Mbps.
- 802.11ax is the Wi-Fi standard that operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
- 802.11b is a wireless networking standard that operates in the 2.4 GHz band and supports data rates up to 11 Mbps.
Solution
The correct option is:
802.11ax is the Wi-Fi standard that operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
802.11ax, also known as Wi-Fi 6, is the latest generation of Wi-Fi technology designed to handle high-density environments
with a large number of devices and high demand for bandwidth.
It provides improved efficiency, better performance, and enhanced security features compared to previous Wi-Fi standards.
Wi-Fi 6 supports a high volume of simultaneous connections, offers seamless mobility, and ensures robust security.
It is well-suited for complex scenarios such as the one described,
where multiple floors, various devices, and reliable connectivity are required.Question 17:
Match the following network layers to their corresponding functions in the given scenario.
You are a network administrator for a large university campus network.
The network consists of multiple interconnected buildings, each housing various departments and student dormitories.
One day, you receive complaints from users in different buildings about slow internet connectivity.
To diagnose the issue, you decide to analyze the network architecture and its corresponding functions at different layers.
Match the network layers with their corresponding functions in this scenario.Functions:
1.Responsible for dividing data into packets for transmission.
2.Handles routing and forwarding of data between buildings.
3.Manages logical addressing and translates IP addresses to physical MAC addresses.
4.Provides reliable and error-free data delivery.Network Layers:
a. Data link Layer
b. Network Layer
c. Transport Layer
d. Physical Layer- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Function 1: d, Function 2: b, Function 3: c, Function 4: a
- Function 1: b, Function 2: d, Function 3: a, Function 4: c
- Function 1: c, Function 2: d, Function 3: a, Function 4: b
- Function 1: a, Function 2: b, Function 3: c, Function 4: d
Solution
The correct option is:
Function 1: a, Function 2: b, Function 3: c, Function 4: d
Here's the explanation:
- Function 1: Responsible for dividing data into packets for transmission.
This corresponds to the Data Link Layer (a) as it frames data into frames for transmission.
- Function 2: Handles routing and forwarding of data between buildings.
This corresponds to the Network Layer (b) as it is responsible for routing data between different networks.
- Function 3: Manages logical addressing and translates IP addresses to physical MAC addresses.
This corresponds to the Data Link Layer (c) as it deals with MAC addresses and can perform address resolution.
- Function 4: Provides reliable and error-free data delivery.
This corresponds to the Transport Layer (d) as it is responsible for ensuring data reliability and error correction.Question 18:
Assume you are a network administrator for a large company.
You are troubleshooting a problem with a user who is unable to access the company's intranet.
The user's computer is connected to the company's network via a ______________________,
but the user's computer is not receiving an IP address.
The most likely cause of the problem is that the _____________ ____________ is not configured correctly.- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server.
- Domain Name System (DNS) Server, Wireless Wi-Fi Adapter
- Wired Ethernet Adapter, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server.
- Wireless Wi-Fi Adapter, Wireless Wi-Fi Adapter.
Solution
The correct option is:
Wired Ethernet Adapter, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server.
Explanation:
- The user's computer is connected to the company's network via a Wired Ethernet Adapter,
indicating the type of network connection.
- The most likely cause of the problem is that the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is not configured correctly.
DHCP is responsible for assigning IP addresses to devices on the network, and
if the DHCP server is not functioning properly, devices like the user's computer won't receive an IP address,
leading to connectivity issues.Question 19:
In a network communication scenario, assume that a user wants to access a web server hosted on a remote network.
In order to establish a successful connection, the user's application data must traverse multiple layers of the OSI reference model.
The process starts at the ________ layer, where the user's application sends a request to the ___________ layer.
The ____________ layer then adds the necessary addressing and routing information to the request and passes it to the __________ layer.
Finally, at the _____________ layer, the request is broken into smaller segments and encapsulated into packets for transmission over the network.- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Application Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer
- Data Link Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Physical Layer, Application Layer.
- Application Layer, Presentation Layer, Network Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer.
- Data Link Layer, Session Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer.
Solution
The correct option is:
Application Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link LayerQuestion 20:
In a distributed system, a client application needs to retrieve data from a remote server using the HTTP protocol.
The server sends the response in JSON format. The client application wants to parse the JSON response and extract specific information.
Which of the following options correctly describes the steps the client application needs to perform?- Select the correct option from the given choices:
-
The client application should establish a TCP connection with the server, send an HTTP request, receive the JSON response, and use a JSON parsing library to extract the desired information. -
The client application should establish a UDP connection with the server, send an HTTP request, receive the JSON response, and use a JSON parsing library to extract the desired information. -
The client application should establish a UDP connection with the server, send an FTP request, receive the JSON response, and use a JSON parsing library to extract the desired information. -
The client application should establish a TCP connection with the server, send an FTP request, receive the JSON response, and use a JSON parsing library to extract the desired information.
-
Solution
The correct option is:
The client application should establish a TCP connection with the server,
send an HTTP request, receive the JSON response,
and use a JSON parsing library to extract the desired information.
In a distributed system, when a client application wants to retrieve data from a remote server using the HTTP protocol
and the response is in JSON format, the following steps are typically taken:
Establish a TCP Connection: The client application initiates a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) connection with the remote server.
TCP ensures reliable communication by providing error-checking and retransmission of lost packets.
Send an HTTP Request: Once the TCP connection is established, the client application sends an HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) request to the server.
The HTTP request specifies the desired resource (such as a specific URL) and any required headers or parameters.
Receive the JSON Response: The server processes the HTTP request and sends back an HTTP response.
This response typically contains the requested data, such as the JSON-formatted information.
The data is transmitted over the established TCP connection.
Use a JSON Parsing Library: To extract specific information from the JSON response, the client application uses a JSON parsing library.
This library helps parse the JSON data structure and convert it into a format that the client application can work with,
such as dictionaries or objects in Python.
Extract Desired Information: Once the JSON response is parsed, the client application can access and extract the desired information using programming constructs.
For example, if the JSON contains key-value pairs, the client application can access specific values by their corresponding keys.
The mentioned steps ensure that the client application can effectively communicate with the remote server,
retrieve the required data in JSON format, and process the data using a JSON parsing library.
This approach is widely used in web-based applications to exchange information between clients and servers over the HTTP protocol.Question 21:
Assume that a network administrator suspects a problem in implementing the Data Link Layer protocols.
Upon investigation, it is discovered that some frames are being received with incorrect framing.
This leads to data corruption and unreliable communication between devices.
Which error in the Data Link Layer implementation is most likely causing these problems? - Select the correct option from the given choices:
- Incorrect framing of data.
- Incorrect IP address configuration.
- Physical cable damage.
- Insufficient bandwidth.
Solution
The error in the Data Link Layer implementation that is most likely causing the problems described (frames being received with incorrect framing,
leading to data corruption and unreliable communication) is:
Incorrect framing of data.
Explanation:
The Data Link Layer is responsible for framing data into frames that can be transmitted over the physical medium.
The process of framing involves adding start and stop bits to the data to define the beginning and end of each frame.
If the framing is incorrect, it means that the receiver is not able to correctly identify the boundaries of the frames.
This can result in data corruption, as the receiver might interpret parts of one frame as part of another frame,
leading to unreliable communication.
When frames are not framed properly, the receiver may not be able to correctly synchronize itself with the sender's data transmission, leading to data being received incorrectly.
This could result in missing or duplicated data, making the communication unreliable.
Physical cable damage and insufficient bandwidth could also cause communication issues,
but they are less likely to directly result in incorrect framing of data within frames.
Incorrect IP address configuration, on the other hand, typically occurs at higher layers of the OSI model (such as the Network Layer) and is not directly related to the framing of data in the Data Link Layer.Question 22:
In a large enterprise network, consider that multiple subnets are interconnected through routers.
Each subnet contains several hosts. Consider the given scenario.
Host A located in Subnet 1 wants to send an IP packet to Host B located in Subnet 2.
Host A knows the IP address of Host B but does not have its MAC address in its ARP cache.
Which option represents the correct sequence of steps that a router follows to enable communication between Host A and Host B?
Analyze the given choices and select the correct option.- Select the correct option from the given choices:
- ARP Request, Routing Table Lookup, IP Encapsulation, ARP Response, IP Decapsulation.
- IP Decapsulation, Routing Table Lookup, ARP Request, ARP Response, IP Encapsulation.
- Routing Table Lookup, ARP Request, ARP Response, IP Decapsulation, IP Encapsulation.
- ARP Request, IP Decapsulation, Routing Table Lookup, ARP Response, IP Encapsulation.
Solution
The correct sequence of steps that a router follows to enable communication between Host A and Host B is:
Routing Table Lookup, ARP Request, ARP Response, IP Encapsulation, IP Decapsulation.
Explanation:
Routing Table Lookup: The router performs a routing table lookup to determine the next hop towards the destination subnet (Subnet 2 in this case) for the IP packet.
This step helps the router identify the appropriate outbound interface to forward the packet.
ARP Request: Since Host A has the IP address of Host B but not its MAC address, Host A sends an ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) request on its local subnet (Subnet 1).
The ARP request asks, "Who has the IP address of Host B?" and includes Host B's IP address.
ARP Response: The ARP request is broadcasted to all devices on Subnet 1.
Host B, which is also part of Subnet 1, recognizes its IP address and responds with an ARP response.
The ARP response includes Host B's MAC address.
IP Encapsulation: The router receives the ARP response containing Host B's MAC address.
The router encapsulates the original IP packet from Host A within a new data link layer frame,
adding the MAC addresses of Host A and the router as the source and destination MAC addresses.
IP Decapsulation: The router forwards the encapsulated frame to Subnet 2.
When the frame reaches the router of Subnet 2, the router decapsulates the frame, extracting the original IP packet intended for Host B.
By following these steps, the router ensures that the IP packet from Host A is correctly forwarded to Host B in Subnet 2.
The correct sequence is:
Routing Table Lookup, ARP Request, ARP Response, IP Encapsulation, IP Decapsulation.Question 23:
Assume that you are tasked with designing a network for a small-sized organization expected to increase in the next couple of years.
In the initial stage, the organization has a single building.
But it plans to expand across the city with multiple branches.
You are considering deploying a software-defined wide-area network (SD-WAN) to accommodate this future growth.
What core attribute of SD-WAN might challenge implementing the network design?
Select the correct answer from the given choices.- Select an option:
- Lack of centralized management
- Inability to support high-speed data transmission
- Incompatibility with wireless network connections
- Complexity of integration with legacy systems.
Solution
Implementing a software-defined wide-area network (SD-WAN) in a small-sized organization with plans for future growth may face challenges,
and one of the potential challenges is the complexity of integration with legacy systems.
Here's a brief description of why this could be a challenge:
Legacy System Compatibility:
Legacy systems are older, often outdated, computing systems or software applications that have been in use for a long time.
These systems might have specific requirements and configurations that are not easily compatible with modern SD-WAN technology.
Integrating SD-WAN with legacy systems can be complex due to differences in protocols, network architectures, and security models.
Legacy systems may not inherently support or work seamlessly with SD-WAN solutions.
Transition Period:
Organizations with legacy systems may need a gradual transition to new technologies to avoid disruptions to their existing operations.
SD-WAN implementation might require changes in network infrastructure, and
ensuring a smooth transition without impacting legacy systems can be challenging.
Interoperability Concerns:
SD-WAN solutions are designed to work efficiently with modern networking technologies.
Legacy systems may not adhere to current standards or protocols, leading to interoperability issues.
Ensuring that SD-WAN can coexist and communicate effectively with legacy systems is crucial to
maintaining uninterrupted business operations during the transition.
Resource Limitations:
Legacy systems may lack the processing power and resources required to fully leverage the features and benefits of SD-WAN.
This limitation could hinder the organization's ability to harness the full potential of a modern, software-defined network.
Security Considerations:
Legacy systems may have security protocols that differ from those used in SD-WAN environments.
Integrating these diverse security models without compromising the overall network security can be a significant challenge.
In summary, the complexity of integrating SD-WAN with legacy systems poses a potential challenge, and
careful planning is necessary to ensure a smooth and successful transition to a modern and scalable network infrastructure.Question 24:
Assume that Mr. Anderson gives Emily a task:
to match the network types with their appropriate description.
He tells Emily that this is a real-world situation.
Since understanding the nature and characteristics of these networks is crucial when designing and implementing them for the company's clients.Match the network types (Column A) with their corresponding description (Column B):
Column A:
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
4. Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN)Column B:
a. This network type spans a large geographic area, often a country or continent,
and can use private leased lines and public networks.
b. A network infrastructure that provides software-based control over WLAN connections,
offering synchronization and secure data transport capabilities.
c. This type of network interconnects computers within a city or large campus.
d. A network type typically limited to a smaller geographic area like an office or building.
Which option from the listed choices indicates the correct mapping?- Select an option:
-
1 - c (Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)) 2 - d (Local Area Network (LAN)) 3 - b (Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN)) 4 - a (Wide Area Network (WAN)) -
1 - d (Local Area Network (LAN)) 2 - c (Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)) 3 - b (Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN)) 4 - a (Wide Area Network (WAN)) -
1 - d (Local Area Network (LAN)) 2 - c (Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)) 3 - a (Wide Area Network (WAN)) 4 - b (Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN)) -
1 - a (Wide Area Network (WAN)) 2 - c (Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)) 3 - d (Local Area Network (LAN)) 4 - b (Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN))
-
Solution
Wide Area Network (WAN): This network type spans a large geographic area, often a country or continent, and can use private leased lines and public networks.
WANs facilitate communication between devices over long distances.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):This type of network interconnects computers within a city or large campus.
MANs cover a larger geographic area than Local Area Networks (LANs) but are smaller than Wide Area Networks (WANs).
Local Area Network (LAN): LANs are typically limited to a smaller geographic area, such as an office or building.
They connect computers and devices within this localized space, providing high-speed data transfer.
Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN): A network infrastructure that provides software-based control over Wide Area Network (WAN) connections.
SD-WAN offers synchronization and secure data transport capabilities, allowing for more flexible and efficient management of wide-area networks.
The correct mapping is:
1 - a (Wide Area Network (WAN))
2 - c (Metropolitan Area Network (MAN))
3 - d (Local Area Network (LAN))
4 - b (Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN))
So, the correct option is:
1 - a (Wide Area Network (WAN))
2 - c (Metropolitan Area Network (MAN))
3 - d (Local Area Network (LAN))
4 - b (Software-Defined Wide Area Network (SD-WAN))Question 25:
In a large corporate network comprising several departments and thousands of devices,
consider that a seasoned network administrator is tasked with designing a network
that can efficiently handle high traffic loads while mitigating the risk of broadcast storms that can cripple the network.
The network should also facilitate efficient resource allocation and provide the ability to use advanced traffic management and security policies.
Which device is most suitable for achieving this multifaceted goal?
Select the correct answer from the given choices.- Select an option:
- Layer 3 Switch, incorporating routing capabilities to segment the network into different broadcast domains, hence reducing the broadcast traffic.
- Traditional Router to divide the network into subnets and provide broadcast control but with relatively lower traffic handling capability.
- A combination of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) enabled routers and Layer 3 Switches to create virtual LANs (VLANs) for departments, along with establishing traffic engineering paths for efficient resource allocation and traffic flow.
- Layer 2 Switch with Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) enabled, for preventing loops and subsequent broadcast storms.
Solution
The most suitable device for achieving the multifaceted goal described, including efficiently handling high traffic loads,
mitigating the risk of broadcast storms, facilitating efficient resource allocation, and
providing advanced traffic management and security policies, is:
A combination of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) enabled routers and Layer 3 Switches to create virtual LANs (VLANs)
for departments, along with establishing traffic engineering paths for efficient resource allocation and traffic flow.
Explanation:
MPLS-enabled routers: MPLS allows for the creation of virtual private networks (VPNs) and efficient traffic engineering paths.
It supports the creation of logical paths for different types of traffic.
Layer 3 Switches: Layer 3 switches, incorporating routing capabilities, help in segmenting the network into different broadcast domains,
reducing broadcast traffic. They offer advanced traffic management and can handle high traffic loads efficiently.
This combination provides a comprehensive solution that addresses the specified requirements for a large corporate network.Question 26:
'Match the listed networking protocols to their correct descriptions:'
A. SIP
B. SSL/TLS
C. BGP
D. SNMPDescriptions:
Used for routing network packets
Used for secure data transmission
Used for initiating, maintaining, modifying, and terminating real-time sessions of multimedia.
Used for managing devices in IP networks.
Which option indicates the correct mapping for the protocols and their descriptions?- Select an option:
-
A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 -
A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 -
A-3, B-2, C-1, D-1 -
A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
-
Solution
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol): Used for initiating, maintaining, modifying, and terminating real-time sessions of multimedia.
SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security): Used for secure data transmission.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): Used for routing network packets.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Used for managing devices in IP networks.
The correct mapping for the protocols and their descriptions is:
A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4Question 27:
Match the listed TCP mechanisms with their respective purposes:Options:
A. Sliding Window
B. Congestion Avoidance
C. Selective Repeat
D. Three-way Handshake
1.Establishing a connection between the client and server.
2.Controlling the rate of data transmission based on network conditions.
3.Handling lost or out-of-order packets during transmission.
4.Managing the flow of data between sender and receiver.
Which option indicates the correct mapping for the TCP mechanisms with their respective purposes?- Select an option:
-
A-1 (Establishing a connection between client and server) B-2 (Controlling the rate of data transmission based on network conditions.) C-3 (Handling lost or out-of-order packets during transmission.) D-4 (Managing the flow of data between sender and receiver.) -
A-4 (Managing the flow of data between sender and receiver.) B-2 (Controlling the rate of data transmission based on network conditions.) C-1 (Establishing a connection between client and server) D-3 (Handling lost or out-of-order packets during transmission.) -
A-2 (Controlling the rate of data transmission based on network conditions.) B-4 (Managing the flow of data between sender and receiver.) C-3 (Handling lost or out-of-order packets during transmission.) D-1 (Establishing a connection between client and server) -
A-4 (Managing the flow of data between sender and receiver.) B-2 (Controlling the rate of data transmission based on network conditions.) C-3 (Handling lost or out-of-order packets during transmission.) D-1 (Establishing a connection between client and server)
-
Solution
A-1 (Establishing a connection between client and server.) - Three-way Handshake
- The Three-way Handshake is a process in TCP where a connection is established between a client and a server.
- It involves three steps: SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK.
- This mechanism ensures that both the client and server agree to establish a connection before actual data transmission begins.
B-2 (Controlling the rate of data transmission based on network conditions.) - Congestion Avoidance
- Congestion Avoidance is a mechanism in TCP that controls the rate of data transmission to avoid network congestion.
- It dynamically adjusts the sending rate based on the perceived network conditions,
helping to prevent network congestion and improve overall network efficiency.
C-3 (Handling lost or out-of-order packets during transmission.) - Selective Repeat
- Selective Repeat is a technique in TCP used to handle lost or out-of-order packets during transmission.
- Instead of retransmitting the entire window of data, selective repeat retransmits only the lost packets, optimizing the utilization of network resources.
D-4 (Managing the flow of data between sender and receiver.) - Sliding Window
- The Sliding Window is a flow control mechanism in TCP that manages the flow of data between the sender and the receiver.
- It allows a sender to transmit multiple packets before receiving an acknowledgment, improving data transfer efficiency.
In summary, each TCP mechanism plays a specific role in ensuring reliable and efficient communication between the client and server over a network.
The Three-way Handshake establishes the connection,
Congestion Avoidance controls data transmission rate,
Selective Repeat handles lost or out-of-order packets, and
Sliding Window manages the flow of data between the sender and receiver.Question 28:
Consider that you are analyzing network traffic and performing diagnostic tests.
During your investigation,
you use a network diagnostic tool to send packets and check the response time from different devices.
This helps you identify potential network bottlenecks and determine the source of the connectivity issues.
Match the given networking protocols with their corresponding functionalities to aid in your troubleshooting process.Protocols:
TCP
UDP
ICMP
SNMPFunctionalities:
a. Reliable, connection-oriented communication
b. Unreliable, connectionless communication
c. Network diagnostic and error reporting
d. Network management and monitoring
Analyze the given choices and select the correct option.- Select an option:
-
1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d -
1-b, 2-a, 3-d, 4-c -
1-a, 2-c, 3-b, 4-d -
1-b, 2-a, 3-c, 4-d
-
Solution
Let's match the networking protocols with their corresponding functionalities:
1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
- Functionality: Reliable, connection-oriented communication (a)
2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol):
- Functionality: Unreliable, connectionless communication (b)
3. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):
- Functionality: Network diagnostic and error reporting (c)
4. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol):
- Functionality: Network management and monitoring (d)
Therefore, the correct option is:
1-a, 2-b, 3-c, 4-d
Explanation:
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) provides reliable, connection-oriented communication.
- It ensures that data is delivered without errors and in the correct order.
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol) offers unreliable, connectionless communication.
- It is used when real-time communication is essential, and some packet loss is acceptable.
- ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is primarily used for network diagnostics and error reporting.
- It includes tools like ping and traceroute.
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is designed for network management and monitoring.
- It allows network administrators to monitor and manage network performance, find and solve network problems, and plan for network growth.Question 29.
In a complex network infrastructure.
Consider that a device with the IP address 10.20.30.40/16 wants to communicate with a device located in a remote network with the IP adress 192.168.50.60/24.
the default gateway for the device is set to 10.20.0.1.
Which step will be taken to forward the packet to the destination device?- Select an option:
- The device will perform a DNS lookup to resolve the IP address of the destination device.
- The device will check its ARP cache to find the MAC address of the default gateway.
- The device will consult its routing table to find the appropriate next hop for the destination network.
- The device will perform an ICMP Echo Request to determine the reachability of the destination device.
Solution
The correct option is:
The device will consult its routing table to find the appropriate next hop for the destination network.
Explanation:
When a device wants to communicate with a device in a remote network, it needs to determine the appropriate next hop (gateway) to reach that destination.
Here's the step-by-step explanation:
DNS Lookup:
DNS (Domain Name System) resolution is not directly related to routing.
It is used to resolve domain names to IP addresses, and in this case, we are dealing with IP addresses directly.
ARP Cache:
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to map an IP address to a MAC address within the same local network.
Since the destination device is in a remote network, the device needs to find the appropriate next hop using its routing table.
Routing Table:
The device will consult its routing table to find the appropriate next hop for the destination network.
The routing table contains information about different networks and the next hop/gateway to reach them.
In this scenario, the routing table will help the device determine that it needs to forward the packet to the default gateway (10.20.0.1)
to reach the remote network (192.168.50.0/24).
ICMP Echo Request:
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Echo Request (ping) is a diagnostic tool used to determine the reachability of a destination device.
While it's a useful tool, it is not the primary mechanism for forwarding packets to remote networks; that's the role of the routing table.
So, in summary, the device will consult its routing table to find the appropriate next hop (default gateway) for the destination network (192.168.50.0/24).Question 30:
Match the listed protocols with their corresponding OSI model layer:
A.TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
B.ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)
C.SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
D.FTP(File Transfer Protocol)OSI model layer:
1.Transport layer
2.Network layer
3.Application layer
4.Presentation Layer
Which option indicates the correct mapping for the protocols and their corresponding OSI model layer?-
Select an option
A3,B2,C4,D1 A1,B2,C3,D4 A3,B2,C2,D4 A1,B2,C3,D3
Solution
The correct option is:
A1, B2, C3, D4
Explanation:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
TCP operates at the Transport layer (Layer 4) of the OSI model.
It provides reliable, connection-oriented communication.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol):
ICMP operates at the Network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model.
It is responsible for network-related control and error messages.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
SMTP operates at the Application layer (Layer 7) of the OSI model.
It is used for the transmission of electronic mail (email).
FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
FTP operates at the Application layer (Layer 7) of the OSI model.
It is used for transferring files between a client and a server.
Therefore, the correct mapping is A1, B2, C3, D4.Question 31:
Assume that a team of IT professionals is preparing for the Ciso Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) certification.
They are facing some challenges with the CCNA - level topics.
Match the given certification- level problem on CCIA_CCNA_L1 with their respective descriptions:Options:
A. Subnetting and VLSM
B. Routing protocols
C. Network Address translation(NAT)
D. VLANs and trunkingDescription
1.__________ is a technique used to divide a network into smaller,
more manageable subnetworks, allowing for efficient.
IP address allocation and routing.
It involves creating subnets and calculating subnet masks.
2.__________ are a set of rules and algorithms used by routers
to determine the best path for forwarding network traffic.
examples include OSPF, EIGRP, and RIP.
3.___________ is a method of translating private IP addresses to public IP adresses and vice versa.
It enables multiple devices within a network to share a single public IP address.
4.____________ are used to segment a network providing isolation and improved performance logically.
Trunking allows multiple VLANs to traverse a single network link.-
Analyze the given choices and select the correct option.
-
A.Subnetting and VLSM -1 B.Routing protocols - 2 C. Network Address Translation(NAT) - 3 D. VLANs and Trunking - 4 -
A.Subnetting and VLSM - 2 B. Routing protocols - 1 C. Network Address Translation(NAT) - 3 D. VLANs and Trunking - 4 -
A.Subnetting and VLSM - 4 B. Routing protocols - 2 C. Network Address Translation(NAT) - 3 D. VLANs and Trunking - 1 -
A.Subnetting and VLSM - 1 B. Routing protocols - 3 C. Network Address Translation(NAT) - 2 D. VLANs and Trunking - 4
-
Solution
The correct option is:
A. Subnetting and VLSM - 1
B. Routing protocols - 2
C. Network Address Translation (NAT) - 3
D. VLANs and Trunking - 4
Explanation:
Subnetting and VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking):
This technique involves dividing a network into smaller subnetworks, allowing for efficient IP address allocation and routing.
It includes creating subnets and calculating subnet masks.
Routing protocols:
Routing protocols are a set of rules and algorithms used by routers to determine the best path for forwarding network traffic.
Examples include OSPF, EIGRP, and RIP.
Network Address Translation (NAT):
NAT is a method of translating private IP addresses to public IP addresses and vice versa.
It enables multiple devices within a network to share a single public IP address.
VLANs and Trunking:
VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) are used to segment a network logically, providing isolation and improved performance.
Trunking allows multiple VLANs to traverse a single network link.
Therefore, the correct mapping is A. Subnetting and VLSM - 1, B. Routing protocols - 2, C. NAT - 3, D. VLANs and Trunking - 4.Question 32:
In a network design scenario,
consider that a company has been allocated the IP address block 203.0.113.0/24 for its internal network.
It has several departments and requires efficient utilization of IP addresses.
The network administrator decides to use subnetting to divide the network into multiple subnets.
The subnet mask allocated for each subnet is 255.255.255.224.
For the Sales department,
the network administrator creates a subnet with the network address 203.0.113.32/27.
For the Marketing department,
the network administrator creates a subnet with the network address 203.0.113.64/27.
For the IT department,
the network administrator creates a subnet with the network address 203.0.113.96/28.
The network administrator wants to determine the number of usable hosts in each subnet.Fill in the blanks below to complete the question:
Sales department subnet: 203.0.113.32/27 has _____ usable hosts.
Marketing department subnet: 203.0.113.64/27 has ___ usable hosts.
IT department subnets: 203.0.113.96/28 has ____ usable hosts.- Analyze the given choices and select the correct option.
- 30, 16, 8
- 16, 30, 4
- 30, 16, 4
- 38, 25, 0
Solution
Sales department subnet: 203.0.113.32/27 has 30 usable hosts.
Marketing department subnet: 203.0.113.64/27 has 30 usable hosts.
IT department subnet: 203.0.113.96/28 has 14 usable hosts.
The correct option is: 30, 30, 14
Explanation:
For the Sales and Marketing departments (/27 subnets),
the formula for calculating usable hosts is 2^(32 - subnet mask) - 2.
In this case,
it is 2^(32 - 27) - 2 = 2^5 - 2 = 32 - 2 = 30 usable hosts.
For the IT department (/28 subnet),
the formula is
2^(32 - subnet mask) - 2, resulting in 2^(32 - 28) - 2 = 2^4 - 2 = 16 - 2 = 14 usable hosts.
Therefore, the correct option is 30, 30, 14.Question 33:
Assume that you are configuring and troubleshooting the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) on a Cisco switch.
The given code snippet shows the current STP configuration:
spanning-tree mode rapid-pvst
spanning-tree vlan 10,20,30,40,50 root primary
spanning-tree vlan 30 priority 4096
The network consists of multiple switches connected in a hierarchical design.
Switch A is the root bridge for VLANs 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50.
You have been notified that there are intermittent connectivity issues between devices connected to Switch B and devices connected to Switch C.
After analyzing the network, you suspect that the Spanning Tree Protocol is malfunctioning.
Which command should you execute to correct the issue? Select the appropriate option from the given choices.- Select an option:
- spanning-tree vlan 30 root secondary
- spanning-tree vlan 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 priority 8192
- spanning-tree vlan 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 root secondary
- spanning-tree vlan 30 priority 8192
Solution
Explanation:
In the provided STP configuration:
spanning-tree vlan 30 priority 4096
This command sets the priority of Switch A for VLAN 30 to 4096, making it the primary root bridge for that VLAN.
To address the intermittent connectivity issues,
you should configure Switch B (or Switch C) as the secondary root bridge for VLAN 30. This is achieved by using the command:
spanning-tree vlan 30 root secondary
This command informs Switch B (or Switch C) to become the root bridge for VLAN 30 if the primary root (Switch A) fails.
This can help improve network stability and reduce the impact of potential root bridge failures.
Therefore, the correct option is:
spanning-tree vlan 30 root secondaryQuestion 34:
Assume that a multinational corporation is implementing an extensive network infrastructure across multiple locations.
They have been assigned the Class A network address 172.16.0.0/16 and need to subnet it efficiently.
The requirements are as listed:
Subnet 1 should accommodate 4500 hosts.
Subnet 2 should have a maximum of 120 hosts.
Subnet 3 should have a maximum of 60 hosts.
Subnet 4 should have a maximum of 28 hosts.
Which subnet mask should be used for each subnet to meet the requirements?
Choose the two correct options.- Choose the best option(s)
🔳Subnet 2: 255.255.255.224
🔳Subnet 4: 255.255.255.248
🔳Subnet 3: 255.255.255.192
🔳Subnet 1: 255.255.240.0
Solution
To determine the subnet masks for the given requirements, we can use the following process:
Identify the minimum subnet size needed to accommodate the required number of hosts.
Determine the subnet mask based on the identified subnet size.
Given requirements:
Subnet 1: 4500 hosts
Subnet 2: 120 hosts
Subnet 3: 60 hosts
Subnet 4: 28 hosts
Calculation:
Subnet 1 (4500 hosts):
Identify the minimum subnet size: 2^12 = 4096 (12 bits for hosts)
Subnet mask: 32 - 12 = 20 bits (for network)
Subnet mask: 255.255.240.0
Subnet 2 (120 hosts):
Identify the minimum subnet size: 2^7 = 128 (7 bits for hosts)
Subnet mask: 32 - 7 = 25 bits (for network)
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.128 (which is /25 in CIDR notation)
Subnet 3 (60 hosts):
Identify the minimum subnet size: 2^6 = 64 (6 bits for hosts)
Subnet mask: 32 - 6 = 26 bits (for network)
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192 (which is /26 in CIDR notation)
Subnet 4 (28 hosts):
Identify the minimum subnet size: 2^5 = 32 (5 bits for hosts)
Subnet mask: 32 - 5 = 27 bits (for network)
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224 (which is /27 in CIDR notation)
Correct Options:
Subnet 2: 255.255.255.128 (or /25 in CIDR notation)
Subnet 4: 255.255.255.224 (or /27 in CIDR notation)
Therefore, the correct options are:
🔳 Subnet 2: 255.255.255.128 (or /25 in CIDR notation)
🔳 Subnet 4: 255.255.255.224 (or /27 in CIDR notation)Question 35:
Assume that you are an IT Support Engineer in a Telecom Network Operations Center (NOC).
You receive a complaint from a customer regarding connectivity issues between his/her network and a remote network.
After investigating, you find the issue relates to BGP routing problems.
You need to identify the root cause of the problem.
Based on the given BGP configuration,
which option is most likely causing the routing problem?
Select the appropriate option from the given choices.
router bgp 65000
neighbor 10.1.1.1 remote-as 65001
neighbor 10.1.1.1 next-hop-self
neighbor 10.1.1.1 prefix-list PREFIXES out
neighbor 10.1.1.1 route-map FILTER in
neighbor 10.2.2.2 remote-as 65002
neighbor 10.2.2.2 next-hop-self
neighbor 10.2.2.2 prefix-list PREFIXES out
neighbor 10.2.2.2 route-map FILTER in
ip prefix-list PREFIXES seq 5 deny 192.0.2.0/24
ip prefix-list PREFIXES seq 10 permit any
route-map FILTER permit 10
match ip address prefix-list PREFIXES- Select an option:
-
The "next-hop-self" configuration for neighbor 10.1.1.1 is causing the routing problem. -
The prefix list "PREFIXES" is causing the routing problem. -
The route-map "FILTER" is causing the routing problem. -
The "next-hop-self" configuration for neighbor 10.2.2.2 is causing the routing problem.
-
Solution
The most likely option causing the routing problem in the given BGP configuration is:
The route-map "FILTER" is causing the routing problem.
Here's the explanation:
1. The BGP configuration establishes two BGP neighbors (peers): 10.1.1.1 and 10.2.2.2.
2. For both neighbors, the "next-hop-self" command is used,
which means the router will set the next hop to itself when advertising routes to the neighbors.
3. Additionally, prefix-list "PREFIXES" is applied for outbound (out) filtering, and
4. a route-map named "FILTER" is applied for inbound (in) filtering on both neighbors.Now, let's focus on the route-map "FILTER":
route-map FILTER permit 10
match ip address prefix-list PREFIXESThis route-map permits routes that match the prefix-list "PREFIXES." Looking at the prefix-list:
ip prefix-list PREFIXES seq 5 deny 192.0.2.0/24
ip prefix-list PREFIXES seq 10 permit any It denies the prefix 192.0.2.0/24 but permits any other prefix.
The problem arises because of the deny statement for 192.0.2.0/24 in the prefix-list. If the remote network uses this prefix, it will be denied by the outbound filter, causing connectivity issues.
Therefore, the most likely cause of the routing problem is the route-map "FILTER" and the specific deny statement in the prefix-list.Question 36:
Consider that an IT support specialist at a telecom NOC is troubleshooting an issue in a Cisco-based network
where an OSPF routing adjacency is not forming as expected between two routers.
The specialist has confirmed that both routers are in the same OSPF area and have no physical connectivity issues.
Upon reviewing the configuration,
the specialist notices the given entries in the configurations of Routers A and B respectively.Router A configuration:
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip ospf hello-interval 15
!
router ospf 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0Router B Configuration:
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0
ip ospf hello-interval 10
!
router ospf 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
What might be the reason for the OSPF adjacency not forming between Router A and Router B?
Select the appropriate option from the given options.-
Select an option:
- The IP address ranges specified under the OSPF configuration do not include the IP addresses of the routers.
- The routers are using different OSPF process IDs.
- The hello interval is set to different values on the routers' GigabitEthernet0/0 interfaces.
- The OSPF area number does not match on both routers.
Solution
The reason for the OSPF adjacency not forming between Router A and Router B is:
The hello interval is set to different values on the routers' GigabitEthernet0/0 interfaces.
Here's the explanation:-
Router A has the configuration:
interface GigabitEthernet0/0 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip ospf hello-interval 15 -
Router B has the configuration:
interface GigabitEthernet0/0 ip address 10.1.1.2 255.255.255.0 ip ospf hello-interval 10The OSPF hello interval is the time interval between OSPF hello packets sent by a router to its neighbors. OSPF neighbors must agree on this interval for the adjacency to form successfully. In this case, Router A is configured with a hello interval of 15 seconds, while Router B is configured with a hello interval of 10 seconds. For OSPF adjacency to form, routers in the same OSPF area must have consistent hello intervals. To resolve the issue, the OSPF hello interval should be set to the same value on both routers' GigabitEthernet0/0 interfaces. It is recommended to use the same hello interval on all routers in the OSPF network.
Question 37:
Assume you are troubleshooting a firewall configuration issue on a network.
The firewall blocks incoming HTTP traffic to a web server.
The firewall rules have been reviewed and seem correct.
The network topology is as shown:
Internet --> Firewall --> Router --> Web server
access-list 101 permit tcp any any eq 80
access-list 101 permit tcp any eq 443
access-list 101 deny ip any any
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip access-group 101 in
Which option denotes the most likely cause of the problem?
Select the correct answer from the given choices.- Select an option:
- IP address misconfiguration
- Inbound traffic direction
- Incorrect interface assignment
- Incorrect firewall rules
Solution
The most likely cause of the problem is:
Incorrect interface assignmentHere's the explanation:
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip access-group 101 inThe access-list 101 is applied inbound on the GigabitEthernet0/0 interface.
The access list permits TCP traffic on port 80 (HTTP) and port 443 (HTTPS) but denies all other IP traffic.
The issue here is that the access list is applied inbound on the internal interface (GigabitEthernet0/0),
meaning it filters traffic coming into the internal network from the Internet.
For a typical setup, access lists blocking incoming HTTP traffic would be applied on the external interface facing the Internet.
In a common scenario, you would want to apply access lists on the external interface (facing the Internet) to control the traffic entering your network.
However, in this configuration, the access list is applied on the internal interface, which would affect traffic coming from the internal network.
To resolve the issue and allow incoming HTTP traffic from the Internet to the web server,
you should apply the access list on the external interface facing the Internet.Question 38:
Consider that XYZ Corporation is implementing a new network infrastructure and wants to ensure optimal routing and switching performance.
The network administrator is troubleshooting a connectivity issue between two departments located on different floors of the building.
After examining the configuration,
the administrator suspects a problem with the VLAN configuration.
What might be the possible cause of the connectivity issue?
Select the appropriate option from the given choices.- Select an option:
- Outdated firmware version on the access points.
- Inadequate power supply to the network switches.
- Misconfigured firewall rule on the network gateway.
- Incorrect subnet mask settings on the routers.
Solution
The possible cause of the connectivity issue based on the given scenario is:
Incorrect subnet mask settings on the routers
Here's the explanation:
If two departments located on different floors of the building are experiencing connectivity issues,
and the network administrator suspects a problem with the VLAN configuration,
it's likely related to how the subnets are configured across the routers.
VLANs are often associated with different subnets, and for communication between different VLANs, routers are used.
If the subnet mask settings on the routers are incorrect, it can lead to communication issues between devices in different VLANs or subnets.
The subnet mask determines the range of IP addresses in a subnet, and if the routers connecting the VLANs have mismatched subnet mask settings,
it can prevent proper routing between the VLANs.
To resolve the issue, the network administrator should ensure that the subnet mask settings on the routers are configured correctly,
allowing for proper communication between devices in different VLANs.3. Foundational Software - (7 Questions)
Question listed as:
1. Monica and Joey
2. Test Creattion
3. The Gift
4. Pass the Ball
5. Desmus and the check Centers
6. Suit Up
7. State of the Art
Question 1:
How to attempt?
1. Monica and Joey
Monica is making N food items for Joey.
Each of these food items has some nutritional value stored in an array V.
Help Monica to divide these food items into separate meals while making sure of the following points:
Each meal should contain at least K number of food items.
The difference between the maximum and the minimum nutritional value of food items in the meals should be at most M.
Your task is to find and return the minimum number of meals in which Monica can divide the food items.
If the food items cannot be divided into meals by following the above criteria, return -1.Input Specification:
Input 1: An integer value N, representing the number of food items.
Input 2: An integer value M, representing the maximum allowed nutritional value in a meal.
Input 3: An integer value K, representing the minimum number of food items required in one meal.
Input 4: An integer array V, representing the nutritional values of food items.Output Specification:
Return the minimum number of meals in which Monica can divide the food items.Example 1:
Input 1: 3
Input 2: 1
Input 3: 1
Input 4: { 1, 1, 1 } Output: 1Explanation:
Here all 3 food items can be a single meal as
the difference between the maximum and minimum nutritional value of items is 0
while the maximum allowed difference is M = 1.
Hence, 1 is returned as output.Example 2:
Input 1: 2
Input 2: 1
Input 3: 2
Input 4: { 1,4 }Output: -1Explanation:
Here, we must put both items in one meal as
the number of food items is 2 and
the difference between the maximum and minimum allowed difference, M = 1.
Hence, it is not possible to create a meal, so -1 is returned as output.Solution
Question 2:
How to attempt?
2. Test Creation
Ralph manages a team of test creators
who work on creating N tests for various company's recruitment processes.
The team consists of (n1 + n2 + n3) interns
who are categorized into three groups based on their assigned tasks.
The groups are as follows:
n1 interns work on Test Research.
n2 interns work on Test Creations.
n3 interns work on Test Final Reviews.
Each intern in a group works with the same efficiency.
The time taken by an intern in
Test Research is t days,
Test Creation is t + 2 days, and
Test Final Review is t - 2 days to complete their task.
The HR team wants to ensure that the interns work efficiently and complete their work within d days.
Your task is to determine and return whether it is possible to complete the work within the assigned time.
If it is possible, return "Yes X," where X is the number of days it would take to finish the work.
Otherwise, return "No Y," where Y is the number of days short.Note:
The interns' tasks are performed sequentially, starting with
Test Research, then Test Creation, and finally Test Final Review.
Each of the three types of interns can work simultaneously.-
Input Specification:
Input 1: An integer N, representing the total number of tests to be conducted. Input 2: An integer n1, representing the number of interns working on Test Research. Input 3: An integer n2, representing the number of interns working on Test Creation. Input 4: An integer n3, representing the number of interns working on Test Final Review. Input 5: An integer t, representing the Time Taken. Input 6: An integer d, representing the number of days given by the HR team.
Output Specification:
Return a string denoting "Yes X,"
where X is the number of days it would take to finish the work if it is possible within the given time.
Otherwise, return "No Y," where Y is the number of days short.Example 1:
Input 1: 1
Input 2: 1
Input 3: 1
Input 4: 1
Input 5: 5
Input 6: 20Output: Yes 15Explanation:
Here, N = 1, n1 = 1, n2 = 1, n3 = 1, t = 5, and d = 20.
So, the tasks can be performed in the following manner:
It takes 5 days for n1 interns to complete the Test Research.
It takes 7 days for n2 interns to complete Test Creation.
It takes 3 days for n3 interns to complete the Test Final Review.
All three activities will be finished in a total of 5 + 7 + 3 = 15 days.
Hence, "Yes 15" is returned as the output.Example 2:
Input 1: 5
Input 2: 3
Input 3: 3
Input 4: 9
Input 5: 6
Input 6: 30Output: Yes 26Explanation:
Here, N = 5, n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 9, t = 6, and d = 30.
So, the tasks can be performed in the following manner:
Team 1 and 2, with 3 members each,
will work together to complete their part of the 5 tests in
6 + 8 + 8 = 22 days.
After that, the third team, consisting of 9 members,
will review the assessments in 4 days.
Since the total time required to complete the work within the given deadline is
22 + 4 = 26 days,
"Yes 26" is returned as the output.Solution
Question 3:
How to Attempt?
3. The Gift
John is trying to send a gift to his friend Dave for his birthday through his relatives.
So, he will first send the gift to his relative, and then the relative will send it to their relative,
and this process continues until it reaches Dave.
You are given the number of people in your city and the relationships between them.
Your task is to help John find and return the minimum number of relatives involved in sending the gift from John to his friend Dave.
If the gift is not possible to reach Dave through his relatives, then return -1.Input Specification:
Input 1: An integer value representing the number of people in the city.
Input 2: An integer value representing the number of relationships between people.
Input 3: A 2D integer array of size input2 X 2, representing the relationship between two relatives.
Input 4: An integer value representing John in the given array.
Input 5: An integer value representing Dave in the given array.Output Specification:
Return the minimum number of relatives involved in sending the gift from John to his friend Dave.
If the gift is not possible to reach Dave through his relatives, then return -1.Example 1:
Input 1: 7
Input 2: 6
Input 3: {{1, 2}, {2, 4}, {1, 3}, {1, 7}, {7, 5}, {7, 6}}
Input 4: 4
Input 5: 6Output: 3Explanation:
Here the number of people in the city is 7. The gift can be passed in the following manner:
From John {4} to relative 2.
From relative 2 to relative 1.
From relative 1 to relative 7.
From relative 7 to Dave {6}.
Since there are 3 relatives actively participating in transferring John's gift,
therefore 3 is returned as the output.Example 2:
Input 1: 7
Input 2: 5
Input 3: {{1, 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 6}, {5, 7}}
Input 4: 3
Input 5: 7Output: -1Explanation:
Here the number of people in the city is 7.
The gift cannot be passed as there are no relatives that are common between John and his friend Dave.
Therefore, -1 is returned as the output.Solution
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
const int INF = INT_MAX;
int dijkstra(int num_people, int num_relationships,vector<vector<pair<int, int>>>& graph, int john, int dave) {
priority_queue<pair<int, int>, vector<pair<int, int>>, greater<pair<int, int>>> pq;
vector<int> dist(num_people+1, INF), relatives(num_people+1 , 0);
dist[john] = relatives[john] = 0;
pq.push({0, john});
while (!pq.empty()) {
int u = pq.top().second,d = pq.top().first;
pq.pop();
if (u == dave) return relatives[u]-1;
if (d > dist[u]) continue;
for (auto & neighbor : graph[u]) {
int v = neighbor.first, w = neighbor.second;
if (dist[v] > dist[u] + w) {
dist[v] = dist[u] + w;
relatives[v] = relatives[u] + 1;
pq.push({dist[v], v});
}
}
}
return -1;
}
int main() {
// Test case 1
int num_people_1 = 7;
int num_relationships_1 = 6;
vector<vector<pair<int, int>>> graph_1(num_people_1 + 1);
vector<vector<int>> relationships_1 = {{1, 2}, {2, 4}, {1, 3}, {1, 7}, {7, 5}, {7, 6}};
for (auto& rel : relationships_1) {
int u = rel[0];
int v = rel[1];
graph_1[u].push_back({v, 1});
graph_1[v].push_back({u, 1});
}
int john_1 = 4;
int dave_1 = 6;
int min_relatives_1 = dijkstra(num_people_1, num_relationships_1,graph_1, john_1, dave_1);
cout << "Test case 1: " << min_relatives_1 << endl;
// Test case 2
int num_people_2 = 7;
int num_relationships_2 = 5;
vector<vector<pair<int, int>>> graph_2(num_people_2 + 1);
vector<vector<int>> relationships_2 = {{1, 3}, {1, 4}, {2, 5}, {2, 6}, {5, 7}};
for (auto& rel : relationships_2) {
int u = rel[0];
int v = rel[1];
graph_2[u].push_back({v, 1});
graph_2[v].push_back({u, 1});
}
int john_2 = 3;
int dave_2 = 7;
int min_relatives_2 = dijkstra(num_people_2,num_relationships_2, graph_2, john_2, dave_2);
cout << "Test case 2: " << min_relatives_2 << endl;
//Test case 3
int num_people_3 = 8;
int num_relationships_3 = 7;
vector<vector<pair<int, int>>> graph_3(num_people_3 + 1);
vector<vector<int>> relationships_3 = {{1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 4}, {4, 5}, {4, 6}, {6,8}, {7, 8}};
for (auto& rel : relationships_3) {
int u = rel[0];
int v = rel[1];
graph_3[u].push_back({v, 1});
graph_3[v].push_back({u, 1});
}
int john_3 = 1;
int dave_3 = 8;
int min_relatives_3 = dijkstra(num_people_3, num_relationships_3,graph_3, john_3, dave_3);
cout << "Test case 3: " << min_relatives_3 << endl; //expected output 4
return 0;
}Question 4:
How to Attempt?
4. Pass the Ball
A group of N players is playing a game. In this game, one player needs to pass the ball to another player.
A player P holds the ball at the start of the game.
A maximum of X moves is allowed to pass the ball so that it ends up with the same player who started the game.
Below is the condition that should be followed by all the players when passing the ball:
A player K1 can pass the ball to another player K2 if K1 divides K2 or if K2 divides K1.
Your task is to find and return the number of possible ways to complete the game.
Note: A game is considered "complete" if the ball ends up with the player who started it.Input Specification:
Input1: An integer value N, representing the number of players.
Input2: An integer value P, representing the player who starts the game.
Input3: An integer value X, representing the maximum number of moves allowed to pass the ball.Output Specification:
Return the number of possible ways to complete the game.Example 1:
Input1: 3
Input2: 2
Input3: 2Output: 1Explanation:
There are 3 players in the game, and initially the 2nd player has the ball.
There is a maximum of 2 moves allowed, so the game can be completed in the following way:
2 -> 1 -> 2.
Here Player 2 can pass the ball to player 1 as 1 divides 2. For the same reason,
player 1 can pass the ball to Player 2.
Since there is only 1 possible way to complete the game, therefore, 1 is returned as the output.Example 2:
Input 1: 3
Input 2: 2
Input 3: 4Output: 3Explanation:
There are 3 players in the game, and initially, the 2nd player has the ball.
There is a maximum of 4 moves allowed, so the game can be completed in the following ways:
2 -> 1 -> 2
2 -> 1 -> 3 -> 1 -> 2
2 -> 1 -> 2 -> 1 -> 2
Therefore, 3 is returned as the output.Solution
Question 5:
How to Attempt?
Desmus and the Check Centers
Desmus is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean.
Being an advanced nation, it has built a network of M bridges between
its N islands so that all of them can trade with each other.
The islands are numbered from 0 to N-1.
Trading can only take place through these bridges.
If an island is connected to more than one island through bridges,
then it indicates that a truck can unload and reroute when it visits that island.
The President of Desmus is planning to build check centers on such
islands so that items carried by trucks are checked properly.For example:
Island A is connected to island B and island C.
Since island A is connected to more than one island, reloading and rerouting of the trucks is mandatory.
Therefore, one check center will be built on island A.
If the cost of building a check center is K,
then your task is to find and return the cost of the check centers that are to be built.Note:
The trucks may take any possible route to go between two islands,
but a visited island is not visited again with the same goods.
The bridges are bidirectional.Input Specification:
Input1: An integer value N, representing the number of islands.
Input2: An integer value M, representing the number of bridges.
Input3: An integer value K, representing the cost of building a check center.
Input4: A 2D array of size M X 2, which represents bridges between the islands.Output Specification:
Return the total cost of the check centers that are to be built.Example 1:
Input1: 7
Input2: 6
Input3: 5
Input4: {{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 4}, {2, 4}, {2, 6}, {5, 2}}Output: 15Explanation:
The given diagram shows the N islands numbered from 0 to N-1.
The paths displayed in the diagram below are used by trucks to commute between islands.
There are 7 islands, 6 bridges, and the cost for building a check center is 5.
We can calculate the total cost of the check centers in the following way:
The islands numbered 1, 2, and 4 are each connected with more than 1 island through the bridges.
This indicates that the trucks require unloading and rerouting on these islands.
Since the cost of one check center is 5, the total cost of 3 check centers will be 5 * 3 = 15.
Hence, 15 is returned as the output.Example 2:
Input1: 8
Input2: 7
Input3: 3
Input4: {{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {3, 4}, {2, 4}, {2, 6}, {5, 2}, {3, 7}}Output: 12Explanation:
There are 8 islands, 7 bridges, and the cost for building a check center is 3.
We can calculate the total cost of the check centers in the following way:
The islands numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 are each connected with more than 1 island through the bridges.
This indicates that the trucks require unloading and rerouting on these islands.
Since the cost of one check center is 3, the total cost of 4 check centers will be 3 * 4 = 12.
Hence, 12 is returned as the output.Code:
Question 6:
How to Attempt?
Suit Up
Mike works at a law firm, and his boss Harvey has assigned him N new cases, each having its own benefit value.
Harvey asked him to divide the consecutive cases into groups such that the total benefit value of all the groups is maximum.
The benefit value of a group is determined by the difference between the maximum and minimum individual benefit values of cases of that group.
Harvey knows that this would be an easy task for Mike, and so he has asked Mike to keep one thing in mind:
if a group consists of a single case, its value will be considered as zero.
You are given an integer N, representing the number of cases, and an integer array A,
representing the benefit value of the cases.
Your task is to help Mike find and return the maximum benefit value from all the groups.Input Specification:
Input1: An integer N, representing the number of cases.
Input2: An integer array A, representing the benefit values of the cases.Output Specification:
Return the maximum benefit value from all the groups.Example 1:
Input1: 5
Input2: {1, 3, 2, 4, 5}Output: 5Explanation:
There are 5 cases, and we get the maximum benefit value of the cases in the following order:
Group 1: {1, 3}, Maximum benefit value = 3 - 1 = 2.
Group 2: {2, 4, 5}, Maximum benefit value = 5 - 2 = 3.
Total benefit value = 2 + 3 = 5
Therefore, 5 is returned as the output.Example 2:
Input1: 1
Input2: {5}Output: 0Explanation:
There is 1 case, and we get the maximum benefit value of the case in the following order:
Group 1: {5} Total benefit value = 0 (Single case).
Therefore, 0 is returned as the output.Code:
Question 7:
How to Attempt?
State of the Art
Being a painter, Bruce thought of a new and futuristic idea for his artwork.
He has X different paints on a palette and wants to create
a painting with new paint combinations from the existing paints.
He must utilize at most Y different paints for crafting a new paint combination.
Your task is to help Bruce ,
Find the number of different paint combinations,
he can craft from the existing paints on the palette and return the number of paints
(new combinations and the existing paints).Note:
The volume of paint does not matter.
Return the answer modulo 7.Input Specification:
Input1: An integer value X representing the number of different paints on the palette.
Input2: An integer value Y, representing the maximum number of different paints.
he can use to create a new paint combination.Output Specification:
Return the number of paints (new combinations and the existing paints).Example 1:
Input1: 5
Input2: 2Output: 15Explanation:
The existing paints and the number of paint combinations.
Bruce can make with 5 different paints using at most 2 different paints are:
Existing Paints: (1), (2), (3), (4), (5)
New Paint Combinations: (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,4), (3,5), (4,5).
As he can make 10 new paint combinations and the existing paints are 5.
Hence, 10 + 5 = 15 is returned as the output.Example 2:
Input1: 2
Input2: 1Output: 2Explanation:
Bruce cannot make any new paint combinations.
Since the number of existing paints is (1) and (2), therefore 2 is returned as the output.Code:
4. Advance Software - (4 Questions)
Question Listed as:
1.Conversion Permutation
2.Maximum Magnets
3.Sports Analytics
4.Profit Development
Question 1:
How to Attempt?
1.Conversion Permutation
Martin is a Software Developer and is working on a problem regarding the bases of a number.
His manager has assigned him an integer N, representing a number in base 10.
In general, in a base-X number system,
we have X different digits to represent numbers.
The digits range from 0 to X-1 because we start counting from 0.
For example, in base-10, we have 10 digits (0 to 9), and in base-2 (binary), we have two digits (0 and 1).
Your task is to help him convert the number N to all possible bases and return the lexicographically smallest positive number.Note:
Consider the base of a number up to 36.
The lexicographically smallest number is the one which will come first on the number line among other numbers.Input Specification:
Input 1: An integer value N, representing the integer in base 10.Output Specification:
Return the lexicographically smallest possible number.Example 1:
Input 1: 5Output: 10Explanation:
Here the given number is 5, which is in base 10 format. If we convert the number to base 5, we get:
5_10 (5 in base 10) will be 101_2 (101 in base 2) as (2^2 * 1) + (2^1 * 0) + (2^0 * 1) = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5.
5_10 (5 in base 10) will be 12_3 (12 in base 3) as (3^1 * 1) + (3^0 * 2) = 3 + 2 = 5.
5_10 (5 in base 10) will be 11_4 (11 in base 4) as (4^1 * 1) + (4^0 * 1) = 4 + 1 = 5.
5_10 (5 in base 10) will be 10_5 (10 in base 5) as (5^1 * 1) + (5^0 * 0) = 5 + 0 = 5.
10_5 (10 in base 5) is lexicographically the smallest among all the converted numbers.
Therefore, 10 is returned as the output.Example 2:
Input: 50Output: 101Explanation:
Here the given number is 50, which is in base 10 format. If we convert the number to base 7, we get:
50_10 (50 in base 10) will be 101_7 (101 in base 7) as (7^2 * 1) + (7^1 * 0) + (7^0 * 1) = 49 + 0 + 1 = 50.
This is lexicographically the smallest among all the converted numbers.
Therefore, 101 is returned as the output.Question: 2
How to atempt?
2. Maximum Magnets
Mathew has a collection of magnets, represented by an integer array A of length X.
Each element of A corresponds to a magnet, and the value of the element represents
the magnetic strength of that magnet (M1, M2, M3, and so on, up to MX).
He needs to divide these magnets into groups.
But there is a catch: if the difference between the magnetic strength of any two magnets is less than Y,
they will stick together and form an inseparable unit.
Help Mathew find and return the maximum number of magnets that can be in a single group
while ensuring that they do not form inseparable units due to a magnetic strength difference less than Y.Note:
There may be multiple groups formed, and the maximum number of magnets in any group should be considered.Input Specification:
Input 1: An integer X representing the total number of magnets.
Input 2: An integer Y, representing the minimum difference between the magnetic strengths of any two magnets.
Input 3: An integer array A, representing the magnetic strength of each magnet.Output Specification:
Return the maximum number of magnets that will be in a single group.Code
Question: 3
How to attempt?
3. Sports Analytics
Xavier's School of gifted students holds a competition between X football players,
and Professor Charles Xavier keeps track of the matches using a 2D matrix A.
For each player, each win is marked as 1 point,
each loss is marked as 0 points, and matches yet to occur are marked as 2 in the matrix.
The player with the highest points at the competition's end is declared the winner.
Professor Charles wants to predict the winner of the competition, and for that,
he generates an array of 0s and 1s indicating which players have a chance of winning the competition.
If the Nth player is likely to win, the corresponding element in the array should be 1;
otherwise, it should be 0.
A player has a good chance of winning if they are likely to score the highest points.
Your task is to find and return this array before the competition concludes.Input Specification:
Input 1: An integer value X, representing the number of football players.
Input 2: A 2D matrix A of size input1 X input1, representing the points scored by X football players during a series of matches.Output Specification:
Return an integer array of 0s and 1s, indicating which players have a chance of winning the competition.Example 1:
Input 1: 5
Input 2: {{0,2,2,1,0},{2,0,1,1,0},{2,0,0,1,0},{0,0,0,0,1},{1,1,1,0,0}}Output: {1,1,0,0,1}Explanation:
Match 1 Match 2 Match 3 Match 4 Match 5
Player 1 0 2 2 1 0 Player 2 2 0 1 1 0 Player 3 2 0 0 1 0 Player 4 0 0 0 0 1 Player 5 1 1 1 0 0
We can predict the winner in the following manner:
Player 1 has earned 1 point (in Match 4).
He is yet to play Match 2 and Match 3. If he wins the two matches,
he will earn a maximum of 2 points, thus making a total of 3 points.
Player 2 has earned 2 points (in Match 3 and 4).
He is yet to play Match 1. If he wins Match 1,
he will earn a maximum of 1 point, thus making a total of 3 points.
Player 3 has earned 1 point (in Match 4).
He is yet to play Match 1. If he wins Match 1,
he will earn a maximum of 1 point, making a total of 2 points.
Player 4 has earned 1 point (in Match 5) and has no other match left to play.
Player 5 has earned 3 points (in Match 1, 2, and 3) and has no other match left to play.
Since Player 1, 2, and 5 are likely to earn the maximum points (i.e., 3),
therefore, they have a good chance of winning the competition.
Players who are likely to win will be assigned a value of 1 in the array to be returned,
and the rest of the players will be assigned a value of 0.
Hence {1,1,0,0,1} is returned as the output.Example 2:
Input 1: 3
Input 2: {{0,0,0},{1,0,1},{1,0,0}}Output: {0,1,0}Explanation:
We can predict the winner in the following manner:
Player 1 has earned 0 points (in all the matches).
Player 2 has earned 2 points (in Match 1 and 3).
Player 3 has earned 1 point (in Match 1).
Since Player 2 has earned the maximum points (i.e., 2) among all the players,
therefore, it has a good chance of winning the competition.
Hence {0,1,0} is returned as the output.Code:
Question: 4
How to atempt?
Profit Development:
Tyler Durden is a salesperson and is assigned a task to travel to sell soaps.
He must travel to different countries with S states each.
His manager has also provided him with an integer array A, of length N.
Array 'A' represents a rating list that shows the past sales in a certain state.
Below are a few rules for him to follow to increase the efficiency of his travel.
Tyler should begin his travel from the state which has the lowest rating.
When he starts his travel in a country, he should visit all the states in that country before going to a different country.
Your task is to help Tyler plan his travel route and return the country and the rating of the state
Tyler will be traveling to in month M based on the rating list.Note:
The rating list contains data for all the states together.
So the first S ratings are for country 1, the next S ratings are for country 2, and so on.
The month count starts from 1, and if two or more countries have the same lowest rating,
then choose the country whose state has the second-lowest rating.Input Specification:
Input 1: An integer value N, representing the length of the rating list.
Input 2: An integer value S, representing the number of states in a country.
Input 3: An integer value M, representing the month number.
Input 4: An integer array A, representing the rating list.Output Specification:
Output 1: Return the country Tyler will be traveling to in month M based on the rating list.
Output 2: Return the state Tyler will be traveling to in month M based on the rating list.Example 1:
Input 1: 6
Input 2: 3
Input 3: 6
Input 4: {2,1,9,3,1,4}Output 1: 2
Output 2: 4Explanation:
There are 6 states where Tyler needs to travel, and each country has 3 states.
Based on the rating list, the route of his travel will be:
Country 1 -> Country 2
(Since the lowest rating is the same in both countries,
we look at the second-lowest rating, and thus, Tyler will start his travel with Country 1)
Country 1: State with rating 1 -> State with rating 2 -> State with rating 9
Country 2: State with rating 1 -> State with rating 3 -> State with rating 4
Using this route, Tyler will be in Country 2 and State with rating 4 during the 6th month.
Therefore, 2 and 4 will be returned as output 1 and output 2, respectively.Example 2:
Input 1: 12
Input 2: 3
Input 3: 7
Input 4: {4,5,7,9,3,2,5,1,3,2,4,1}Output 1: 2
Output 2: 2Explanation:
There are 12 states that Tyler needs to travel to, and each country has 3 states.
Based on the rating list, the route of his travel will be:
Country 4 -> Country 3 -> Country 2 -> Country 1
(Since the lowest rating is the same in Country 4 and Country 3).
We look at the second lowest rating, and thus, Tyler will start his travel with Country 4)
Country 4: State with rating 1 -> State with rating 2 -> State with rating 4
Country 3: State with rating 1 -> State with rating 3 -> State with rating 5
Country 2: State with rating 2 -> State with rating 3 -> State with rating 9
Country 1: State with rating 4 -> State with rating 5 -> State with rating 7
Using this route, Tyler will be in Country 2 and State with rating 2 during the 7th month.
Therefore, 2 and 2 will be returned as output 1 and output 2.Code
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