| TOP 200 SQL COMMANDS |

SELECT: Retrieves data from one or more tables.

INSERT: Adds new rows to a table.

UPDATE: Modifies existing data in a table.

DELETE: Removes rows from a table.

CREATE TABLE: Defines a new table and its columns.

ALTER TABLE: Modifies an existing table structure.

DROP TABLE: Deletes a table and its data.

CREATE INDEX: Creates an index on a table for faster query performance.

DROP INDEX: Deletes an index.

CREATE VIEW: Defines a virtual table based on a SELECT query.

DROP VIEW: Deletes a view.

GRANT: Provides specific privileges to users or roles.

REVOKE: Removes specific privileges from users or roles.

COMMIT: Saves all changes made during the current transaction.

ROLLBACK: Undoes all changes made during the current transaction.

SAVEPOINT: Sets a point within a transaction to which you can roll back.

TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table, but keeps the table structure.

CREATE DATABASE: Creates a new database.

DROP DATABASE: Deletes a database and all its objects.

USE: Selects a database to work with.

EXEC: Executes a stored procedure or a SQL string.

EXPLAIN: Provides information about how SQL statements are executed.

DESCRIBE: Displays the structure of a table.

SET: Changes the value of a variable or setting.

CREATE PROCEDURE: Defines a new stored procedure.

DROP PROCEDURE: Deletes a stored procedure.

CREATE FUNCTION: Defines a new function.

DROP FUNCTION: Deletes a function.

CREATE TRIGGER: Defines a new trigger that executes in response to certain events.

DROP TRIGGER: Deletes a trigger.

CREATE SCHEMA: Defines a new schema.

DROP SCHEMA: Deletes a schema.

ALTER USER: Modifies a database user.

CREATE USER: Defines a new database user.

DROP USER: Deletes a database user.

LOCK TABLE: Prevents other users from modifying a table.

UNLOCK TABLE: Releases a previously acquired lock on a table.

RENAME TABLE: Changes the name of a table.

RENAME COLUMN: Changes the name of a column.

COMMENT: Adds a comment to the data dictionary.

CREATE SEQUENCE: Creates a sequence object for generating unique numbers.

ALTER SEQUENCE: Modifies an existing sequence.

DROP SEQUENCE: Deletes a sequence.

ANALYZE: Collects statistics about a table or index to improve query performance.

CHECKPOINT: Forces a write of all dirty buffers to disk.

VACUUM: Reclaims storage occupied by dead tuples in PostgreSQL.

CLUSTER: Reorganizes a table based on an index.

WITH: Defines a common table expression (CTE) for temporary use within a query.

REINDEX: Rebuilds an index.

LISTEN: Listens for a notification in PostgreSQL.

NOTIFY: Sends a notification in PostgreSQL.

DISCARD: Resets session state (PostgreSQL).

COPY: Copies data between a table and a file.

SET TRANSACTION: Sets the characteristics of the current transaction.

SHOW: Displays the current value of a configuration parameter.

RESET: Resets the value of a configuration parameter to its default.

COMMENT ON: Adds comments to database objects.

ALTER INDEX: Modifies the structure of an existing index.

ALTER VIEW: Modifies an existing view.

ALTER SEQUENCE: Changes the properties of an existing sequence.

ALTER DATABASE: Modifies an existing database.

ALTER SCHEMA: Changes the definition of an existing schema.

ALTER PROCEDURE: Modifies an existing stored procedure.

ALTER FUNCTION: Changes the properties of an existing function.

ALTER TRIGGER: Changes the definition of an existing trigger.

ALTER EVENT: Modifies an existing event (in databases that support event scheduling, like MySQL).

CREATE EVENT: Schedules an event for future execution (in databases that support event scheduling).

DROP EVENT: Deletes a scheduled event.

MERGE: Performs insert, update, or delete operations on a target table based on the results of a join with a source table.

UPSERT: Inserts rows into a table, updating them if they already exist (syntax varies by database).

DEALLOCATE: Releases a prepared statement.

PREPARE: Creates a prepared statement for execution.

EXECUTE: Executes a prepared statement.

FETCH: Retrieves rows from a result set of a cursor.

CURSOR: Declares a cursor for iteration over a result set.

CLOSE: Closes a cursor.

REVOKE: Removes previously granted privileges from a user or role.

GRANT OPTION: Grants the ability to grant privileges to other users.

START TRANSACTION: Begins a new transaction.

SET ROLE: Changes the current role for the session.

ALTER ROLE: Modifies an existing role.

DROP ROLE: Deletes a role.

CREATE ROLE: Defines a new role.

DISABLE TRIGGER: Disables a trigger on a table.

ENABLE TRIGGER: Enables a trigger on a table.

DISABLE RULE: Disables a rule on a table (PostgreSQL).

ENABLE RULE: Enables a rule on a table (PostgreSQL).

DISABLE CONSTRAINT: Disables a constraint on a table.

ENABLE CONSTRAINT: Enables a constraint on a table.

VALIDATE CONSTRAINT: Validates a constraint on a table.

ADD CONSTRAINT: Adds a new constraint to a table.

DROP CONSTRAINT: Deletes a constraint from a table.

CHECK: Adds a check constraint to a table.

FOREIGN KEY: Defines a foreign key constraint on a table.

PRIMARY KEY: Defines a primary key constraint on a table.

UNIQUE: Defines a unique constraint on a table.

EXCEPT: Returns distinct rows from the first query that aren't in the second query.

INTERSECT: Returns distinct rows that are output by both queries.

UNION: Combines the result sets of two queries and returns distinct rows.

UNION ALL: Combines the result sets of two queries and returns all rows, including duplicates.

CASCADE: Applies changes to dependent objects.

RESTRICT: Prevents changes if there are dependent objects.

CASE: Provides conditional logic within SQL statements.

COALESCE: Returns the first non-null value in a list of arguments.

NULLIF: Returns null if two expressions are equal.

GREATEST: Returns the greatest value in a list of expressions.

LEAST: Returns the least value in a list of expressions.

SUBQUERY: Allows nested queries within a SQL statement.

WINDOW FUNCTIONS: Performs calculations across a set of table rows related to the current row.

OVER: Defines a window for window functions.

PARTITION BY: Divides the result set into partitions for window functions.

RANK: Assigns a rank to each row within a partition of a result set.

DENSE_RANK: Similar to RANK but without gaps in ranking values.

ROW_NUMBER: Assigns a unique sequential integer to rows within a partition.

NTILE: Distributes rows into a specified number of approximately equal groups.

LAG: Accesses data from a previous row in the same result set.

LEAD: Accesses data from a subsequent row in the same result set.

FIRST_VALUE: Returns the first value in an ordered set of values.

LAST_VALUE: Returns the last value in an ordered set of values.

CUME_DIST: Calculates the cumulative distribution of a value in a set of values.

PERCENT_RANK: Calculates the relative rank of a row within a group.

GROUPING SETS: Allows multiple groupings in a single query.

ROLLUP: Generates subtotals and grand totals in a query.

CUBE: Generates subtotals for all combinations of groupings in a query.

PIVOT: Rotates rows into columns (specific to some databases like SQL Server).

UNPIVOT: Rotates columns into rows (specific to some databases like SQL Server).

JSON Functions: Allows querying and manipulation of JSON data (specific to some databases).

XML Functions: Allows querying and manipulation of XML data (specific to some databases).

ARRAY Functions: Allows querying and manipulation of array data (specific to some databases).

HSTORE: A key-value store within a single PostgreSQL table column.

FULLTEXT SEARCH: Provides full-text search capabilities (specific to some databases).

MATERIALIZED VIEW: Stores the result of a query physically and can be refreshed.

REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW: Updates the data in a materialized view.

CONNECT BY: Used for hierarchical queries in Oracle.

START WITH: Specifies the root of a hierarchical query in Oracle.

NOCYCLE: Prevents infinite loops in hierarchical queries in Oracle.

SYNONYM: Creates an alias for a database object (specific to some databases).

PACKAGE: Groups related procedures, functions, variables, and other package contents (specific to Oracle).

AUTHID: Specifies whether a PL/SQL package or subprogram executes with the privileges of its definer or invoker (specific to Oracle).

PRAGMA: Provides additional instructions to the compiler (specific to Oracle).

PIPELINED: Allows a table function to return rows iteratively (specific to Oracle).

CROSS APPLY: Applies a table-valued function to each row (specific to SQL Server).

OUTER APPLY: Similar to CROSS APPLY but includes rows with no matches (specific to SQL Server).

SAMPLE: Retrieves a random sample of data from a table.

FOR UPDATE: Locks selected rows so they cannot be updated by other transactions.

FETCH FIRST: Limits the number of rows returned by a query.

SKIP LOCKED: Skips locked rows in the result set (specific to some databases).

FOR XML: Formats query results as XML (specific to SQL Server).

FOR JSON: Formats query results as JSON (specific to SQL Server).

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW: Changes the structure or properties of a materialized view.

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW: Deletes a materialized view.

ALTER SYSTEM: Modifies system-level settings (specific to Oracle and some other RDBMS).

ALTER SESSION: Changes session-level settings (specific to Oracle and some other RDBMS).

DBMS_SCHEDULER: Schedules and manages jobs (specific to Oracle).

DBMS_STATS: Gathers optimizer statistics (specific to Oracle).

PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION: Allows a transaction to be independent of the main transaction (specific to Oracle).

EXECUTE IMMEDIATE: Executes a dynamic SQL statement (specific to Oracle).

CTAS (CREATE TABLE AS SELECT): Creates a new table based on the result of a SELECT query.

ALTER TYPE: Modifies an existing user-defined type (specific to some databases).

CREATE TYPE: Defines a new user-defined data type (specific to some databases).

DROP TYPE: Deletes a user-defined data type.

ALTER OPERATOR: Modifies an existing operator (specific to some databases).

CREATE OPERATOR: Defines a new operator (specific to some databases).

DROP OPERATOR: Deletes an operator.

CREATE AGGREGATE: Defines a new aggregate function (specific to PostgreSQL).

DROP AGGREGATE: Deletes an aggregate function.

ALTER FUNCTION: Modifies the definition of an existing function.

ALTER PROCEDURE: Modifies the definition of an existing stored procedure.

ALTER TRIGGER: Modifies the definition of an existing trigger.

ALTER VIEW: Changes the definition of an existing view.

SET CONSTRAINT: Sets the mode of a constraint (deferred or immediate).

SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL: Sets the isolation level for the current transaction.

LOCK TABLE: Locks a table for a specific transaction.

ALTER TABLESPACE: Modifies the properties of a tablespace (specific to Oracle).

DROP TABLESPACE: Deletes a tablespace and all its contents (specific to Oracle).

CREATE TABLESPACE: Defines a new tablespace (specific to Oracle).

ALTER INDEX REBUILD: Rebuilds an existing index (specific to some databases).

VACUUM ANALYZE: Reclaims storage and updates statistics in PostgreSQL.

LISTEN/NOTIFY: Implements a publish/subscribe model for inter-process communication (specific to PostgreSQL).

DISABLE/ENABLE RULE: Disables or enables a rewrite rule on a table (specific to PostgreSQL).

DISABLE/ENABLE CONSTRAINT: Disables or enables a constraint.

DROP RULE: Deletes a rewrite rule (specific to PostgreSQL).

ALTER RULE: Modifies an existing rewrite rule (specific to PostgreSQL).

CREATE RULE: Defines a new rewrite rule (specific to PostgreSQL).

ALTER SYSTEM SET: Changes a system parameter (specific to Oracle).

ALTER DATABASE LINK: Modifies a database link (specific to Oracle).

CREATE DATABASE LINK: Defines a new database link (specific to Oracle).

DROP DATABASE LINK: Deletes a database link (specific to Oracle).

ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG: Changes a materialized view log.

CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG: Defines a log to capture changes for a materialized view.

DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW LOG: Deletes a materialized view log.

GRANT CONNECT THROUGH: Grants the ability to connect through a specific user (specific to Oracle).

ALTER DATABASE BEGIN BACKUP: Puts a database into backup mode (specific to Oracle).

ALTER DATABASE END BACKUP: Ends backup mode for a database (specific to Oracle).

ALTER DATABASE RENAME FILE: Renames a database file (specific to Oracle).

ALTER DATABASE MOUNT: Mounts a database (specific to Oracle).

ALTER DATABASE OPEN: Opens a mounted database (specific to Oracle).

ALTER DATABASE RECOVER: Recovers a database (specific to Oracle).

FLASHBACK TABLE: Restores a table to a previous state (specific to Oracle).

FLASHBACK DATABASE: Restores the entire database to a previous state (specific to Oracle).